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Figure 1. The evolution of words and proteins shows many parallels. ; (A) The Semitic root qnw (*qanaw-), meaning reed, is the ancestor of hundreds of words in many different languages, following the same mechanisms as already known from biological evolution. Here we track the descendants of this root in the English language, arisen through the intermediary of Latin and Greek. In addition to the orthologous Greek word kanna (reed), paralogous cognates arose in antiquity based on certain attributes of reed, e.g., the levelling rule kanon (taking the straight and rigid attribute of reed), the wicker basket kanastron (flexible), and the Latin water duct canalis (round and hollow). A few examples of analogous words, which appear to be related to the descendants of qnw but have different evolutionary origins, are shown in green. (B) The primordial β-hammerhead motif (shown in red) is seen in four different folds, which cover a wide array of functions. Following our hypothesis of an origin in the RNA world, we propose that RNA binding is the orthologous function of this peptide, seen today in ribosomal protein L27 and exosome subunit RRP4. Paralogous functions arose around the time of the Last Universal Common Ancestor from its ability to form a biotin-binding domain by duplication, yielding the biotin-dependant enzymes of the barrel-sandwich hybrid fold, and to serve as a structural element in domains formed by accretion, yielding a domain of RNA-polymerase β’ subunit, as well as a range of enzymes with an α/β-hammerhead fold. By our analysis, enzymes classified in the α/β-hammerhead fold superfamily d.41.5, such as MoaE, are analogous to the other superfamilies in this fold, due to a lack of detectable sequence similarity, but nevertheless contain a supersecondary structure resembling the β-hammerhead.

2016

unknown

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First Determination of the Weak Charge of the Proton

Collaboration, Qweak ; Androic, D. ; et al.

2013

academicJournal

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Reports of cases decided in the Supreme court of the state of North Dakota, Volume 18

academicJournal

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