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  1. Guillén Nolasco, Patricia Milagros
    2021
    Online Buch
  2. RHJ ; CGR
    In: Personal Rule in Black Africa ; page ix-xii ; ISBN 9780520313071 0520313070 9780520359628; (2023)
    Buch
  3. Dallagiovanna, G. ; Fanucci, F. ; et al.
    2012
    Online Buch
  4. Nair, Vrinda V. ; Mallya, Anita ; et al.
    In: Advances in Computing and Communications ; Communications in Computer and Information Science ; page 302-309 ; ISSN 1865-0929 1865-0937 ; ISBN 9783642227080 9783642227097; (2011)
    Buch
  5. Hartnett, J. ; Carmeli, Moshe
    2008
    Online Buch
  6. Hartnett, J. ; Oliveira, F. ; et al.
    2008
    Online Buch
  7. Hartnett, J. ; Carmeli, M.
    2008
    Online Buch
  8. Haruyama, Tomiyoshi ; Kimura, Nobuhiro ; et al.
    In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference/International Cryogenic Materials Conference ; page 649-652; (1997)
    Buch
  9. MONTELEONE, MASSIMO ; GHERBIN, P. ; et al.
    1996
    Online Buch
  10. Some of these could also be operated in the energy range above lOMeV for experiments designed to determine at which energy level radioactivity can be induced in the irradiated medium. A linac with a maximum energy of 25 MeV was commissioned for the U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Labora­ tories in 1963. Its beam power was 6.5 kW at an electron energy of 10 MeV, 18 kW at 24 MeV. Assuming 100% efficiency, a 1-kW beam can irradiate 360 kg of product with a dose of 10 kGy/h. The efficiency of electron accelerators is higher than that of gamma sources because the electron beam can be directed at the product, whereas the gamma sources emit radiation in all directions. An efficiency of 50% is a realistic assumption for accelerator facilities. With that and 6.5 kW beam power an accelerator of the type built for the Natick laboratories can process about 1.2t/h at 10 kGy. In Odessa in the former Soviet Union, now in the Ukraine, two 20-kW accelerators with an energy of 1.4 MeV installed next to a grain elevator went into operation in 1983. Each accelerator has the capacity to irradiate 200 t of wheat per hour with a dose of 200 Gy for insect disinfestation. This corresponds to a beam utilization of 56% (9). In France, a facility for electron irradiation of frozen deboned chicken meat commenced operation at Berric near Vannes (Brittany) in late 1986. The purpose of irradiation is to improve the hygienic quality of the meat by destroying salmonella and other disease-causing (pathogenic) microorganisms. The electron beam accelerator is a 7 MeV/10 kW Cassitron built by CGR-MeV (10). An irradiation facility of this type is shown in Figure . Because of their relatively low depth of penetration electron beams cannot be used for the irradiation of animal carcasses, large packages, or other thick materials. However, this difficulty can be overcome by converting the electrons to x-rays. As indicated in Figure 9, this can be done by fitting a water-cooled metal plate to the scanner. Whereas in conventional x-ray tubes the conversion of electron energy to x-ray energy occurs only with an efficiency of about %, much higher efficiencies can be achieved in electron accelerators. The conversion efficiency depends on the material of the converter plate (target) and on the electron energy. Copper converts 5-MeV electrons with about 7% efficiency, 10-MeV electrons with 12% efficiency. A tungsten target can convert 5-MeV electrons with about 20%, 10-MeV electrons with 30% efficiency. (Exact values depend on target thickness.) In contrast to the distinct gamma radiation energy emitted from radionuclides and to the monoenergetic electrons produced by accelerators, the energy spectrum of x-rays is continuous from the value equivalent to the energy of the bombarding electrons to zero. The intensity of this spectrum peaks at about one-tenth of the maximum energy value. The exact location of the intensity peak depends on the thickness of the converter plate and on some other factors. As indicated in Figure
    In: Safety of Irradiated Foods ; page 40-40; (1995)
    Buch
  11. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 176-177; (1990)
    Buch
  12. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 208-210; (1990)
    Buch
  13. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 185-197; (1990)
    Buch
  14. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 109-130; (1990)
    Buch
  15. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 64-75; (1990)
    Buch
  16. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 52-53; (1990)
    Buch
  17. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 54-63; (1990)
    Buch
  18. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 198-202; (1990)
    Buch
  19. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 21-37; (1990)
    Buch
  20. In: Romancero tradicional de América ; page 160-173; (1990)
    Buch
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