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1.635 Treffer

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  1. Detailansicht für Treffer 41 öffnen
    A Tools Flow for Synthesis of Asynchronous Control Circuits from Extended STG Specifications
    Delsoto, Higor A. ; Oliveira, Duarte L. ; et al.
    In: 2019 IEEE 10th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS, 2019
    Online Konferenz
    Zugriff:
    Volltext
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  2. Detailansicht für Treffer 42 öffnen
    STG: A Symbolic Test Generation Tool
    Clarke, Duncan ; Jéron, Thierry ; et al.
    In: Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems ; Lecture Notes in Computer Science ; page 470-475 ; ISSN 0302-9743 ; ISBN 9783540434191 9783540460022; (2002)
    Buch
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  3. Detailansicht für Treffer 43 öffnen
    Differential roles of the STG and IPL in verbal repetition
    Robert, Knight
    In: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ; volume 5 ; ISSN 1662-5161, 2011
    academicJournal
    Wie komme ich dran?
  4. Detailansicht für Treffer 44 öffnen
    Figure 2. Characteristics of four identified STG neuron types. ; (A) Bilateral innervation patterns of each neuron type, depicted on one side of the dissected foregut. Axons from the four neuron types project from the STG (top) and project to specific muscle groups (indicated with the same colors). The axonal spiking activity for each of these neurons can be recorded with extracellularly nerve recordings at the circled locations on the mvn, dgn, and lvn nerves. (B) Each neuron type can be identified electrophysiologically by matching intracellular firing patterns with concurrent extracellular recordings of nerves known to contain their axons (as shown in A). (C) Representative z-projections show complex neurite trees for each neuron type acquired at 40x magnification. (D) Left: volumetric reconstruction of soma and a subset of branches in an example PD neuron (inset scale bar 200 µm and black scale ball in reconstruction is 40 µm). Both the full reconstruction (red – used to measure cross-sectional area and infer branch diameter) and skeleton reconstruction (black line – as used to calculate path distance of glutamate photo-uncaging sites to soma in Figure 3 and Supplements to Figure 3) are shown. Right: the diameter of the three branches shown in reconstruction as a function of distance from the soma. (E) Flattened representations of the reconstructed branches from a subset of preparations. The width of the shape at a given distance from the soma is directly proportional to the inferred diameter of the branch at that distance. Top: Scaled linearly-tapered branch (black) for reference with a starting width of 10 µm (at x = 0 µm) distal width of 1 µm (at x = 800 µm). For branches in D (right) and E, cross-sectional area and path distance were calculated for each node in the skeleton. Inferred diameters were calculated by treating the cross-section as if it were circular; in actuality very few, if any, cross-sections were exact circles. To reduce abrupt irregularities in the inferred diameter, the plots displayed here are a running average with a sliding window of three skeletal nodes. For A- E: PD = Pyloric Dilator; LP = Lateral Pyloric; VD = Ventricular Dilator; GM = Gastric Mill; lvn = lateral ventricular nerve; dgn = dorsal gastric nerve; mvn = medial ventricular nerve. For all subfigures: red = PD, orange = LP; light blue = VD; dark blue = GM.
    2019
    unknown
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  5. Detailansicht für Treffer 45 öffnen
    Figure 5. Neurobehavioral correlations. ; (a) Tilted axial view of regions activated by the auditory functional localizer task in the posterior STG (red spheres) and anterior STG (blue spheres). (b) Pearson’s product-moment correlations between rs-FC (among regions activated in the functional localizer) and measures of behavior in signaling games: coordination (r = 0.41; p=0.002), accuracy (r = 0.36; p=0.007), transmission (r = 0.41; p=0.002), innovation (r = −0.41; p=0.003), proximity (r = 0.35; p=0.01), and regularization of melodic contour (r = 0.43; p=0.001). All p-values were Bonferroni corrected at α = 0.05/7 = 0.007. Fisher’s z-transformed correlation coefficients were obtained between pairs of 5 mm ROIs from session one and measures of behavior (accuracy, coordination, transmission, innovation) or structural features of tone sequences (proximity, regularization of melodic contours) from the signaling games on session 2. Behavioral measures were defined as the extent to which the code learned by a participant in Game 1 (accuracy and coordination) was faithfully recalled and transmitted in Game 2 (transmission) and reorganized between Games 1–2 (innovation). Each point on a scatterplot is one participant (N = 51).
    2019
    unknown
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  6. Detailansicht für Treffer 46 öffnen
    Figure 7. Stargazin blocks access to bis-MTS cross-linkers in the active state. ; (A) Traces showing trapping by M1M in the active state in the absence (black) and presence (blue) of Stargazin (Stg). Legend is the same as in Figure 2, with a trapping pulse shown here in blue. Desensitization was blocked by CTZ (100 μM) present throughout the experiment. Glutamate (Glu) was 10 mM and DTT 1 mM. (B) Same as in (A), but for M8M cross-linker. (C) Summary of the trapping effects for M1M and M8M in the active state in the absence (black) and presence (blue) of Stg. Pre- and post-trap current was determined from control pulses as indicated by arrows. (D) Putative compact structures that could protect from bis-MTS modification. Results of 268 runs of rigid body docking of LBD dimers against each other, to minimize Cys666 access in subunit A and mimic the protection from crosslinking. Results from known structures (5JEI, 4YU0 loose, 4YU0 tight and 5WEO, diamonds a-d) and four of the generated models – m17, m32, m223, and m265 - segregate into two classes, similar to the loose (SG-SG distance between subunits < 10 Å) and tight arrangements (SG-SG distance > 20 Å, C666 SG buried close to helix K) (Baranovic et al., 2016). The symbol size corresponds to the dimer centre of mass separation and the color to the number of atom clashes (distance < 2.2 Å.) For reference, dimer centre of mass separations of known structures are: 5JEI, 44 Å; 4YU0 loose, 47 Å; 4YU0 tight, 47 Å and 5WEO, 52 Å. Note that m17 is selected from a cluster of models with zero clashes (cyan), but adjacent in the graph to two other models with clashes (red circles). (E) LBD arrangements in four models marked on the graph in panel D and the original seed for each optimization, the glutamate bound LBD tetramer from 5WEO full-length GluA2 structure with Stg.
    2019
    unknown
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  7. Detailansicht für Treffer 47 öffnen
    Figure 8. The presence of Stargazin and short agonist exposures keep the agonist-bound LBD layer compact. ; (A) Trapping profiles for V666C in desensitized states, without (red) and with (orange) Stargazin (Stg). Solid lines are fit parabola, with local minima indicated as triangles. The right handside of the x-axis is marked as > 18 Å, as the resolution of the only available desensitized structure without auxiliary subunits is too low to measure residue distances. Vertical, dashed, black lines indicate V666C sulfhydryl separation in the respective structure (PDB accession codes in brackets). Names of structures are color-coded same as the trapping profiles. (B) Same as in (A), but for active state without (green) and with Stg (orange). 4YU0 is a structure of soluble, isolated LBDs. Quis: quisqualate (full agonist), RR: (R, R) −2b (Kaae et al., 2007) and LY: LY451646 (both desensitization blockers). (C) Schematic summarizing the bis-MTS cross-linking results. Color-code same as in Figure 1; ATDs are omitted. Black spheres represent bound glutamate. Upper row: in the absence of Stg, GluA2 receptors access ‘open’ LBD conformation (black arrows) upon long exposures to agonist. Bottom row: presence of Stg limits ‘opening’ of the LBD layer even at longer agonist exposures.
    2019
    unknown
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  8. Detailansicht für Treffer 48 öffnen
    Figure 5. SEEG responses to speech mental imagery. ; (a) Subject one with contacts in the left operIFG, middle STG, posterior INS and anterior SMG. Significant spectral responses at 0.8 Hz were detected in the operIFG, and the remaining contacts were responsive to the 4 Hz frequency. (b) The cluster including the operIFG from MEG sources is presented in the upper panel. The electrode with contact in the operIFG in Subject one was projected in the MNI space and is shown in the lower panel. SEEG localization supports the MEG source estimation results. (c) Averaged time course of high gamma activity in the operIFG in Subject 1. Periodical changes presented every 1.25 s (0.8 Hz) with increasing amplitude near the onset of the last number (black arrow) in each mentally constructed group under the mental imagery condition (red line) but not the baseline condition (blue line). (d) Subject two with contacts in the left HG. Significant spectral peaks were observed at 4 Hz in the HG. (e) Subject three with contacts in the right middle STG. Significant spectral peaks were observed at 4 Hz in the middle STG. (f) Contact locations in the MNI space. Different colored marks represent each subject’s responsive contacts with significant spectral peaks at 0.8 Hz and/or 4 Hz. Gray marks represent non-responsive contacts with no significant spectral peaks. (g) In each brain region with contacts responsive at 4 Hz, the normalized peaks were significantly larger than zero under the baseline condition (blue stars). Among these peaks, the normalized peaks were significant in the left posterior INS, left anterior SMG, left HG and right middle STG (red stars). The peaks in the bilateral middle STG were smaller under the mental imagery condition than the baseline condition (gray stars). ***p
    2019
    unknown
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  9. Detailansicht für Treffer 49 öffnen
    Figure 5. Chronic stalling in G2 interferes with proliferative capacity. ; (A–D’) X-Y view of a control wing disc (A), an egr-expressing (B), egr,stg-co-expressing (C) or hid-expressing disc (D) at 0 hr into the recovery period. Cross-sections through the tissue (A’–D’) were visualized along dotted yellow lines. Discs were stained for Discs large 1 (Dlg1, A-D, green in A’-D’) and E-cadherin (Ecad, magenta in A’-D’) to visualize cell outlines and cell polarity. (E) Adult wings developing from egr-expressing, egr,stg-co-expressing or hid-expressing discs were classified according to wing size and morphology (see Materials and methods, Figure 5—figure supplement 1A-C). Graphs display mean ± SEM of ≥3 independent experiments. Note the significantly improved wing regeneration of rnts>egr+stg (phid (pegr (n = 718 wings) by chi-squared tests. (F–H) Control wing disc (F), an egr-expressing (G) and egr,stg-co-expressing (H) disc at 0 hr into the recovery period where the surviving rnGAL4-lineage has been labeled by G-TRACE (green) (Evans et al., 2009). Discs were counterstained with DAPI (magenta). (I–K’) Control wing disc (I), an egr-expressing (J) or hid-expressing (K) disc at 0 hr into the recovery period. Discs express the JNK-reporter TRE-RFP (I’-K’, red in I-K) and were counterstained with DAPI (cyan in I-K). TRE-reporter activity was imaged at settings optimized to subsaturation in egr-expressing discs. Small insets in (I’–K’) show the same images adjusted to the dynamic range in hid-expressing discs. Note that distinct DAPI dense particles seen in the pouch of hid-expressing discs represent remnants of apoptotic cells. (L) A hid-expressing disc at 0 hr into the recovery period expressing FUCCI reporters (compare to Figure 2B). (M,N) Quantifications of TRE-RFP fluorescence intensity at the wound site in surgically injured wing discs at 6 hr, 16 hr, and 24 hr after tissue damage (M, circles) and in egr-expressing discs at 0 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr into the recovery period (N, circles). Larvae with surgically injured wing discs pupariate at 24 hr so later time points could not be quantified. Note that TRE-RFP reporter activity declines faster in surgically injured discs. Fluorescence intensity in non-wound regions (squares) serves as baseline reference. Graphs display mean ± SEM for n = 8 (6 h), n = 4 (16 h), n = 5 (24 h) injured discs (M) or n = 3 (0 h), n = 3 (24 h), n = 3 (48 h), n = 3 (72 h) egr-expressing discs (N). Maximum projections of multiple confocal sections are shown in A-D, F-H. Scale bars: 50 µm.
    2019
    unknown
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  10. Detailansicht für Treffer 50 öffnen
    Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Stalling in G2 promotes survival by protecting cells from JNK-induced apoptosis. ; (A–A’’’) A stg-expressing disc at 0 hr into the recovery period stained for the apoptotic marker Dcp-1 (A’’, green in A,A’) and for the HA-tag to visualize overexpressed Stg-HA (A’’’, magenta in A’). Discs were stained for DAPI (blue in A). Note mutually exclusive detection of Dcp-1 and Stg-HA. (B–B’’) A FUCCI-expressing disc also expressing stg-HA under the control of rntsGAL4. The disc was stained for the HA-tag to visualize Stg-HA (B’, cyan in B’’). The apical section reveals high expression of Stg-HA in large mitotic cells also positive for mRFP-NLS-CycB1-266 (red). (C–D’’) A stg-expressing and an egr,stg-co-expressing disc also carrying the GFP-E2f11-230 (C’, D’, green in C,D) and the mRFP-NLS-CycB1-266 (C’’,D’’, red in C,D) FUCCI reporters. Despite extensive cell death in the tissue upon egr co-expression, the distribution of stg-induced cell cycle profile does not extensively change, supporting the conclusion that low FUCCI reporter expression is not consequence of apoptotic cell death. (E–E’’) A single confocal section through basal domains of an egr-expressing disc (closed arrowhead) to visualize apoptotic cell debris (open arrowhead). The disc has been allowed to incorporate EdU for 1 hr to visualize a more historic footprint of DNA replication activity (E’’, green in E,E’). The disc was stained for DAPI (magenta in E,E’). The broken line in E frames the region shown in E’,E’’. While the viable tissue has undergone EdU incorporation (closed arrowhead), none of the pyknotic nuclei show evidence of recent DNA replication activity (open arrowhead). Scale bars: 50 µm (A–A’’’, C–E’’), 20 µm (B).
    2019
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  11. Detailansicht für Treffer 51 öffnen
    Appendix 1—figure 2. Brain activity in response to unfamiliar female voices compared to environmental sounds in TD children and children with ASD. ; (A) In TD children, unfamiliar female voices elicit greater activity throughout a wide extent of voice-selective superior temporal gyrus (STG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS), bilateral amygdala, and right-hemisphere supramarginal gyrus. (B) Children with ASD show a reduced activity profile in STG/STS in response to unfamiliar female voices and do not show increased activity compared to environmental sounds in the amygdala.
    2019
    unknown
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  12. Detailansicht für Treffer 52 öffnen
    Appendix 1—figure 4. Brain activity in response to mother’s voice compared to unfamiliar female voices in TD children and children with ASD. ; (A) In TD children, mother’s voice elicited greater activity in auditory brain structures in the midbrain and superior temporal cortex (top row, left), including bilateral inferior colliculus (IC) and primary auditory cortex (medial Heschl’s gyrus; mHG) and a wide extent of voice-selective superior temporal gyrus (STG; top row, middle) and superior temporal sulcus (STS). Mother’s voice also showed greater activity in occipital cortex, including fusiform cortex (bottom row, left) as well as core structures of the mesolimbic reward system, including bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), and the anterior insula (AI) of the salience network. (B) Greater activity for mother’s voice was evident in a smaller collection of brain regions in children with ASD compared to TD children. Mother’s voice did not elicit greater activity in auditory brain structures in the midbrain but extended slightly into primary auditory cortex (top row, left), and activated a more limited extent of voice-selective STG (top row, middle) and STS. Mother’s voice did not elicit greater activity compared to unfamiliar female voices in fusiform cortex, and mesolimbic reward system. Mother’s voice did elicit greater activity in AI of the salience network.
    2019
    unknown
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  13. Detailansicht für Treffer 53 öffnen
    Figure 1. Edn1-Ednra signaling mutant STGs project ectopically. ; (a–h) Wholemount Th immunostaining visualizing sympathetic projections from STGs in E15.5 thoraxes (a–d) and hearts (e–h) from Ednra-/- (b, f), Edn1-/- (c, g), Ece1-/- (d, h) and a control (a, e) embryos. Black arrows denote ectopic medial projections from Edn1-Ednra signaling-deficient STGs to the thoracic aorta (b–d), which is associated with reduced cardiac sympathetic innervations (f, g, h) (Manousiouthakis et al., 2014); very rare projections from the STG to the dorsal aorta occur in control embryos (arrow in a). (i) A compiled representation of Th+ area in the medial upper thorax area in E15.5 endothelin signaling component mutant embryos. For the embryos of each litter, the proportion of Th+ pixel area within the upper thoracic body wall area (between C7 and T4 vertebrae) between sympathetic chains was measured. Analysis included results of 5 Ednra litters (7 controls, 10 Ednra-/-), 4 Edn1 litters (9 controls, 9 Edn1-/-), and 7 Ece1 litters (18 controls, 15 Ece1-/-). Error bars; mean ± sd. *p=8.49E-22, **p=8.22E-25, ***p=1.71E-19. (j–q) Serial transverse sections of an E15.5 Ednra-/- embryo at the levels corresponding to the white dotted arrows in (b) (from the top: T2 vertebral body, the second rib, T3 vertebral body, and the third rib) were immunostained for Th (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). (n–q) Magnified views of bracketed areas in j–m). Red arrows point to ectopic medial projections from STG that are associated with thoracic arteries. dAo, descending aorta; es, esophagus; LA, left atrium; lsvc, left superior vena cava; LV, left ventricle; pia, posterior intercostal artery; RA, right atrium; rsvc, right superior vena cava; RV, right ventricle; stg, stellate ganglion; sv, sinus venosus; T, thoracic segment; tr, trachea; X, Xth cranial nerve. Scale bars, 200 μm (a–d), 100 μm (e–h), 200 μm (j–m), 100 μm (n–q).
    2019
    unknown
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  14. Detailansicht für Treffer 54 öffnen
    Figure 4—figure supplement 1. Cdc25/String and Tribbles regulate G2 stalling. ; (A–D) A wild type control disc (A) or wing discs expressing an RNAi transgene targeting cdk1 (B), overexpressing stg (C) or expressing an RNAi transgene targeting trbl (D) under the control of rnGAL4. All discs express the FUCCI reporters. Note the shift towards G2-phase (B) or G1-phase (C,D) in the wing pouch (encircled by broken line) if compared to a wild type control disc. (E–E’’) A wing disc expressing a GFP trap element in the stg locus (E’, cyan in E) and the G2-specific FUCCI reporter mRFP-NLS-CycB1-266 (E’’, red in E). Note invariant GFP levels despite heterogeneous cell cycle profile of the tissue. Stg protein levels are expected to predominantly track with mRFP-NLS-CycB1-266. (F–G’’’) A wing disc (F–F’’’) and an eye disc (G–G’’’) expressing a GFP trap element in the stg locus and labeled for EdU incorporation to detect DNA replication activity and stained for Cyclin B. Note reduction of GFP expression at the anterior D/V boundary in the wing (arrows in F) and elevated GFP expression in the posterior eye disc and morphogenetic furrow (bracket in G) as previously reported for stg (Johnston and Edgar, 1998; Thomas et al., 1994). (H–I’’) Control wing disc (H–H’’) and an stg-overexpressing disc (I–I’’) under the control of rnGAL4. Discs were stained for DAPI (magenta in H,I) and assessed for cell cycle activity by EdU incorporation to reveal DNA replication (H’,I’, cyan in H,I) and by staining for phospho-Histone3 to reveal mitotic cells (pH3) (H’’,I’’, yellow in H,I). (J–L) Representative adult wings arising from of wild type control discs overexpressing GFP (J) or from wing discs overexpressing stg (K) or an RNAi construct targeting trbl (L) under the control of rnGAL4. Maximum projections of multiple confocal sections are shown in H-I. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–I), 1.0 mm (J–L).
    2019
    unknown
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  16. Detailansicht für Treffer 56 öffnen
    Figure 1. Electrotonus in cable models with diverse passive properties and geometries. ; (A) Illustration of the complete matrix of cable model geometries assessed in the computational simulation. Proximal diameters (d0) ranged between 0.5–20 µm and distal diameters (d1) ranged between 0.5–10 µm, yielding 20 different geometries spanning from fine, uniform-diameter cylinders to immensely tapered cables. Shaded areas indicate geometries consistent with vertebrate neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neuron dendrites (gray) and neurites of STG neurons (blue). (B) Top: illustration depicting simulated measurement of the effective electrotonic length constant (λeffective) in a classic cable model with a uniform 0.5 µm-diameter (Rm = 10000 Ω*cm2 and Ra = 100 Ω*cm). An inhibitory potential (Erev = −75 mV, 𝜏 = 70 ms, gmax = 10 nS) was evoked at a distal site (gray circle) and recorded (blue traces) at increasing distances from the site of activation (0, 100, 250, 400, 550, 700, 850 µm). Bottom: Plot depicts the amplitude of the evoked inhibitory potential measured at increasing distances from the activation site (at 0 µm; gray dashed line), illustrating electrotonic decrement of propagating voltage signal. λeffective (315 µm) was calculated as the distance (black dashed line) at which the recorded potential was 37% of the maximal amplitude at the activation site (purple dashed line). (C) λeffective for cables with fixed, narrow, uniform diameter (as in B; d0 = d1=0.5 µm) and varying passive properties. λeffective is plotted as a function of axial resistivity (Ra in Ω*cm) for cables with different specific membrane resistivities (Rm in Ω*cm2; plotted in different colors). (D) Top: illustration showing simulated measurement of λeffective (as in B, Top) in a cable model with geometry reminiscent of an STG neurite (d0 = 20 µm, d1 = 0.5 µm) and the same passive properties as the cable examined in B and C. Bottom: Plot depicts the amplitude of the evoked inhibitory potential measured at increasing distances from the activation site (as in B, Bottom; λeffective >1 mm in this case). (E) λeffective for cables with fixed tapering geometry (as in D) and varying passive properties (plotted as in C).
    2019
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  18. Detailansicht für Treffer 58 öffnen
    Figure 3. Reduced expression of Plxna4 in Ednra-deficient STGs. ; (a) Quantitative real-time PCR analysis for class three semaphorin receptor and co-receptor genes. Total RNA was extracted from individual E14.5 STG isolated from total seven different litters, reverse transcribed, and evaluated for gene expression as described in Methods. Normalized averaged absolute values for control STGs (n = 15) were scaled at 1.0. Error bars; mean ±s.e.m.; *p=0.002, **p=0.0016, ***p=0.095. (b–m) Serial histological sections of Ednra-/- (c, f–g, j–m) and littermate control (b, d–e, h–i) immunostained for Th (b–c) or immunofluorescence labeled for Th (green) or Plexin-A4 (magenta). Magnified views from an adjacent section of the bracketed areas in b) including the right superior vena cava (rsvc) and left superior vena cava (lsvc) are shown in (d-e and h–i), respectively. Magnified views from an adjacent section of the bracketed areas in (c) including the right superior vena cava (rsvc), left superior vena cava (lsvc), and a posterior intercostal artery (pia) are shown in (f–g), (j–k) and (l-m), respectively. A control pia is not shown because there are no axon misprojections to the pia in normal embryos. White arrowheads point to expression of Plexin-A4 in Th+ cardiac sympathetic axons that are associated with venous routes. Yellow arrows denote lack of Plexin-A4 in Th+ sympathetic axons that are misprojecting along arteries. aAo, ascending aorta; pia, posterior intercostal artery. Scale bars, 200 μm (b–c), 25 μm (d–g), 50 μm (h–k), 50 μm (l–m).
    2019
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  19. Detailansicht für Treffer 59 öffnen
    Figure 6. Stargazin attenuates effects of bis-MTS cross-linkers. ; (A) Current traces of V666C trapping in M3M, without (top) and with Stargazin (Stg; bottom). Legend is the same as in Figure 2, with a trapping pulse shown here in orange. (B) Same as in (A), but for M10M. (C) Trapping effects for V666C without (black) and with Stg (orange). Post- and pre-trap peak current was determined from the control pulses (arrows in (A) and (B)). Data without Stg are the same as in Figure 2D. p values compare the effects of the respective cross-linker with and without Stg. For statistics vs. w/o MTS and between cross-linkers, see Figure 6—source data 1. (D) Trapping profile of desensitizing V666C + Stg complexes. The data were fit with a parabola (orange line); the fit reaches minimum (orange triangle) at (11, 0.3). Trapping profile of desensitized receptors without Stg is shown as red, dashed line (parabola with minimum at (11, 0.1); black tringle). (E) The kainate/glutamate (KA/Glu) peak current ratio was determined for each patch before and after trapping with a bis-MTS (similar to the experimental design in Figure 3A–C with 1 mM KA and 10 mM Glu in 1 mM DTT). V666C + Stg KA/Glu measurements before and after trap shown here are paired recordings, pooled for various bis-MTS cross-linkers.
    2019
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  20. Detailansicht für Treffer 60 öffnen
    Figure 2. Lack of repulsive response to arterial segments in Ednra-deficient STGs in vitro. ; (a–b) Neurite outgrowths from E14.5 control STG (a) and Ednra-/- STG (b) cocultured with thoracic descending aorta segments (dAo) dissected from littermate control embryos were visualized by wholemount Th immunostaining. Red, yellow and blue dots denote neurites that have turned away from, have stopped extending toward, or have grown into the vascular segment (proximal quadrant), respectively. (c) A compiled representation of directional outgrowth (pixel area in the proximal quadrant) from the STG in terms of relative neurite outgrowth projecting proximally, laterally, or distally to the dAo. For each experiment, total neurite outgrowth from the STG (sum of all four quadrants) was defined as 100%, and neurite outgrowth in each quadrant is shown as a fraction of total outgrowth. (d) A compiled representation of growth tip directions of neurites within the proximal quadrant shown in (c). Total number of growth tips scored in each proximal quadrant was defined as 100%, and the number of growth tips directing away, stopped, or growing toward the co-cultured dAo segments are shown as a fraction of total neurites in the proximal quadrant. (c–d) Analysis includes results of control:control (n = 15), control:Ednra-/- (n = 6), Ednra-/-:control (n = 10) and Th-Cre/Ednra:control (n = 6) pairs from seven different litters. A total of 183 growth tips in the proximal quadrants were scored from the analysis and compiled in d). Error bars; mean ±s.e.m.; *p=1.53E-08, **p=7.67E-08. Scale bar, 50 μm (a–b).
    2019
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