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  1. Liu, Longhai ; Yang, Feng ; et al.
    2017
    academicJournal
  2. Liu, Longhai ; Yang, Feng ; et al.
    In: Genome Announcements ; volume 5, issue 2 ; ISSN 2169-8287, 2017
    academicJournal
  3. Poigt, Thibaud
    2022
    unknown
  4. Poigt, Thibaud
    2022
    unknown
  5. Ariani, Nina ; Sahid, Abdul
    In: English and Literature Journal; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2016): June; 35-41, 2016
    academicJournal
  6. John, LLH ; Thomson, DD ; et al.
    2023
    Online academicJournal
  7. T, Yogameera ; Shanthi, Dr.D.
    In: SSRN Electronic Journal ; ISSN 1556-5068, 2021
    academicJournal
  8. Cohen, Margaret E.
    In: Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente. 2011, 9, 2011
    Online academicJournal
  9. Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Modulation of cH, mLH and lLH activity in relation to feeding. ; The dataset (n = 41 fish) includes animals food-deprived for 30 min (n = 16), 2 hr (n = 11), or 4 hr (n = 14), and subsequently fed labeled paramecia for 15 min. Brains from these animals were individually-stained with anti-pERK antibody in multi-well plates in order to correlate each fish's food intake with cH, mLH and lLH neural activity. (a) Gut fluorescence (i.e. food intake) of all fish as a function of mean cH pERK fluorescence, mean LH (mLH and lLH) anti-pERK staining average fluorescence and active cell count. Mean pERK fluorescence reflects the average fluorescence within the cH, mLH or lLH regions of interest. This dataset was not normalized. Each datapoint represents an individual fish. (b) Top: mLH and lLH mean pERK fluorescence (left), and active cell count (right) of all fish (n = 41) plotted as a function of food deprivation time (denoted by color intensity). Bottom: mLH and lLH mean fluorescence (left) and cell count (right) of all fish (n = 41) plotted as a function of gut fluorescence (i.e. food intake) after 15 min of feeding (denoted by color intensity). (c-e) Quantification of gut fluorescence, cH and LH mean pERK fluorescence and LH active cell count across the different food deprivation times (30 min, 2 hr, and 4 hr). Note that in this dataset, because anti-pERK was conducted on each brain individually, there is higher variance between specimens and reduced statistical significance in cH quantification data (compare with Figure 2b, left panel). Asterisks denote p
    2019
    unknown
  10. 2019
    unknown
  11. Figure 3—figure supplement 3. Calcium imaging of the cH and LH over food deprivation. ; Note that fish were imaged ~20 min after embedding, thus initial food deprivation time is already 20 min. Hence, the initial reduction in LH active cell count, which occurs within 30 min (Figure 2) may not be observable using this imaging method. (a) Fish 1 and 2 were imaged using volumetric imaging for 115 min, whereas fish 3 and 4 were imaged only at a single plane, and for a slightly shorter time period of 90 min (see images in (b)) (i): Mean Δf/f across the entire (both lobes) of the cH, mLH and lLH (i.e. raw) show increases in baseline fluorescence over time. (ii) Mean Δf/f with baseline subtracted (i.e. detrended). Since a rising baseline over long imaging periods is difficult to interpret (see text for discussion), we also display detrended traces. (b) (i): Average intensity projection images showing imaged regions with ROIs outlined. (ii) Spike-triggered averages based on extracted lLH calcium spikes (from detrended traces) usually reveal an accompanying reduction in cH calcium fluorescence (Δf/f). (c) Calcium spike frequency (spikes/min, left) and calcium spike amplitude (Δf/f %, right) for each ROI averaged over 5 min bins throughout the imaging session for the above four fish. Colored lines are the means, shaded areas reflects SEM. (d) Over the entire imaging period, calcium spike frequency (left) was significantly higher in the cH as compared to the mLH (p = 0.014) and lLH (p = 0.014). Calcium spike amplitude (right) was also significantly higher in the cH as compared to the mLH (p = 0.014), but not the lLH (p = 0.057), asterisks denote p
    2019
    unknown
  12. Figure 5. Optogenetic cH stimulation reduces lLH activity in tethered fish. ; (a) ReaChR activation of neurons. Top Panels: Targeted 633 nm laser illumination (see Materials and methods) of a defined cH area (imaged area) in Tg(y333:Gal4;UAS:ReaChR-RFP; UAS:GCaMP6s) fish. These animals express a Tg(UAS:GCaMP6s) reporter in the cH under Tg(y333:Gal4) control. The animals were subjected to repetitive 10 s laser illumination, with a periodicity of 120 s. Following the 633 nm laser pulses, there is widespread induction of cH activity, as indicated by GCaMP fluorescence (Δf/f) in most regions of interest plotted to the right of the image panel. Scale bar = 50 μm. Bottom Panel: Mean Δf/f across the entire outlined cH region versus time. Laser illumination pulses are indicated by orange bars. Gray bars indicate pre- and post-stimulation periods for which metrics shown in (c–e) were determined. (b) Inhibition of LH activity by activation of cH neurons in Tg(y333:Gal4;UAS:ReaChR-RFP; HuC:GCaMP6s) fish. The animals were subjected to repetitive 10 s laser illumination, with a periodicity of 180 s. Laser pulses were delivered to the cH (orange lightning symbol) as in a, and calcium imaging was recorded from the indicated LH areas (white outlines). Region of interest traces are shown to the right of the image panel for the indicated areas (cells and neuropil (NP)). There is an apparent reduction of spontaneous lLH GCaMP fluorescence spikes in the post-stimulation period. Scale bar = 50 μm. Bottom: Mean Δf/f across mLH and lLH ROIs over time. (c–e) Comparison of mean, summed and maximum Δf/f metrics for a 90 s window before and after ReaChR stimulation (gray bars in bottom panels in a and b). Each data point represents a single stimulation event, like those shown in a and b. Asterisks denote p
    2019
    unknown
  13. Figure 3. Caudal and lateral hypothalamic responses to prey sensory cues are anti-correlated over short timescales. ; (a) Top: Transgenic fish (2 hr food-deprived) with GCaMP6s expressed in cH and LH neurons were paralyzed, tethered in agarose with their eyes and nostrils freed and exposed to live paramecia (prey), as described in Materials and methods. Top image: GCaMP expression in the cH and LH driven by two transgenic lines, Tg(116A:Gal4) and Tg(76A:Gal4) respectively. Bottom image: Downsampled image stack used for analysis in (f). (b) Top: Mean calcium activity (Δf/f) from respective hypothalamic ROIs (shown in (a)) from four individual fish during a baseline food-deprived period (Dep.), exposure to water alone (Water), and a dense water drop of paramecia (Para). Traces from left and right hypothalamic lobes of the same animal are overlain, revealing a high degree of correlated activity on opposite sides of the midline. Paramecia presentation increases activity in the LH and reduces activity in the cH, revealing opposing activity on short timescales. Bottom: Δf/f traces within area marked by gray box (top), displayed at higher magnification. An increase in LH activity and corresponding reduction in cH activity is observable within seconds of paramecia presentation, except for fish D in which maximal responses only occur after a few minutes (beyond the displayed time window). (c) Average Δf/f triggered on lLH calcium spikes (left and right lobes averaged) shows a mean corresponding reduction in cH activity (n = 159 lLH spikes extracted from mean Δf/f traces from 14 fish across the entire duration of the experiment). (d) Raster plots showing mean calcium activity from the hypothalamic lobes (left and right lobes averaged) of 14 fish before and after presentation of water alone and water with paramecia. (e) Quantification of integrated fluorescence (sum Δf/f %), calcium spike frequency (spikes/min) and calcium spike amplitude (Δf/f %) per fish across experimental epochs (300 s food-deprived baseline (D), 300 s after water (W) delivery or 600 s after paramecia delivery (P)). Each colored line represents data from an individual fish (left and right lobes averaged). Water alone was sufficient to significantly reduce cH integrated fluorescence (p = 6.1×10−5) and spike frequency (p = 0.0127) but not spike amplitude (p = 0.9324). Water alone was similarly sufficient to increase lLH integrated fluorescence (p = 0.029) and spike frequency (p = 0.0098) but not spike amplitude (p = 0.13). Conversely, water alone was not sufficient to significantly modulate mLH integrated fluorescence (p = 0.48) or spike frequency (p = 0.20), but was sufficient to increase spike amplitude (p = 0.039). Paramecia delivery significantly increased mLH and lLH integrated fluorescence (mLH, p = 1.2×10−4; lLH, p = 0.045) and spike frequency (mLH, p = 6.1×10−5; lLH, 6.1 × 10−4), while only significantly increasing mLH spike amplitude (mLH, p = 0.045; lLH, p = 0.43), relative to water delivery. In contrast, paramecia delivery significantly reduced cH integrated fluorescence relative to water delivery alone (p = 3.1×10−4), but not spike frequency (p = 0.52) nor spike amplitude (p = 0.85). Asterisks denote p
    2019
    unknown
  14. Duque, JSR ; Wang, X ; et al.
    2022
    Online academicJournal
  15. Rosa Duque, JS ; Wang, X ; et al.
    2022
    Online academicJournal
  16. Lindbo, D ; Arendt, LH ; et al.
    In: Clinical Epidemiology, Vol Volume 14, Pp 901-910 (2022, 2022
    Online academicJournal
  17. Yatawara, C ; Zailan, FZ ; et al.
    In: Clinical Interventions in Aging, Vol Volume 16, Pp 301-309 (2021, 2021
    Online academicJournal
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