Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare complication of acute pulmonary embolism, characterized by non-resolving fibro-thrombotic obstructions of large pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the treatment of choice for the disease, significantly improving survival. Patients with worse hemodynamic profile have worse prognosis after surgery, raising the question of whether the use of medical therapy prior to surgery to optimize hemodynamics could improve outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of medical therapy pre-PEA, according to the hemodynamic profile at the diagnosis. We retrospectively analyzed all patients submitted to PEA, from January 2013 to December 2017. Functional, clinical and hemodynamic data were collected to evaluate the main prognostic determinants. Patients were stratified according to the hemodynamic severity and use of targeted therapies prior to surgery. A total of 108 patients were included. Thirty-five patients (32,4%) used targeted therapy pre-PEA. The use of medical therapy delayed the surgical procedure by about 7 months. There was no difference in overall survival between patients that received targeted therapy and those treated only with supportive therapy (87.8% vs 80.3%, respectively, p = 0.426). Nevertheless, when analyzing the group of patients with severe hemodynamic impairment, defined by low cardiac output(<3.7L/min) at baseline, patients treated with targeted therapies presented a significantly better one-year survival. In higher-risk CTEPH patients, characterized by the presence of low cardiac output, the use of targeted therapies prior to PEA was associated with better outcome, suggesting a potential role for pre-operative use of medical treatment in this particular subgroup.
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare complication of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). It is caused by non-resolving fibro-thrombotic obstructions of large pulmonary arteries, combined with small vessel arteriopathy [[
Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the treatment of choice for the disease. Nevertheless, operability is determined by multiple factors from hemodynamic profile to the expertise of the surgical team and available resources [[
There is an appealing rationale for the use of medical therapy before surgery as a way to optimize the hemodynamic condition, thus potentially improving the morbimortality associated with the procedure. However, such approach was previously tested in a large retrospective study; the use of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) targeted therapies was associated with a significant delay in referral for definitive surgical treatment with no benefit in the outcomes [[
Nonetheless, a question that still remains is whether patients with more severe hemodynamic impairment could benefit from such strategy of attempting to improve hemodynamics prior to the surgical treatment [[
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of medical therapy in CTEPH patients pre-PEA according to the hemodynamic profile at the diagnosis.
All patients submitted to PEA, from January 2013 to December 2017, were included in this retrospective study. Baseline clinical, functional, and hemodynamic data were collected. Patients were stratified according to the use of PAH targeted therapies pre-PEA and also according to the baseline hemodynamic profile.
The diagnosis of CTEPH was established according to the current guidelines [[
The surgical procedures were performed through median sternotomy to allow bilateral endarterectomy. Cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated after cannulation of the ascending aorta and superior and inferior vena cava and progressive cooling up to 15°C with neuroprotection. Circulatory arrest was carried out in periods limited to 20 minutes at a time, with intervals of reperfusion. At the end of the bilateral endarterectomy, circulation with rewarming was resumed.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital (Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo) (protocol number 85547515.3.0000.0068) and all data have been fully anonymized before analysis.
Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 21 statistical package (SPSS, Inc). All continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD and compared using Student t test. Categorical data are presented as proportions and compared using chi-square or Fisher exact test, as appropriate.
All-cause mortality was used because of the lack of information about the specific cause of death in several cases. No patients were lost to follow-up during the study period. One-year survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients were stratified according to the use of targeted therapies pre-PEA and also according to the median cardiac output. The log-rank test was used for curve comparison. Univariate analysis based on the proportional hazards model was used to examine the relationship between survival and selected baseline demographic, functional, and hemodynamic variables. Results are expressed as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the independent effect on survival of variables select at the univariate analysis. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A total of 108 consecutive patients who underwent to PEA surgery were enrolled in this retrospective study. Thirty-five patients (32,4%) had used targeted therapy pre-PEA.
Baseline characteristics, according to the use of targeted therapy pre-PEA are showed in Table 1.
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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the use of targeted therapies.
Total (n = 108) Pre-PEA targeted therapy (n = 35) Pre-PEA supportive therapy (n = 73) P Value Male gender 37 (34.3%) 9 (25.7%) 28 (38.4%) 0.076 Age (years) 46.2 ± 15.2 44.1 ± 14.1 47.1 ± 15.7 0.333 NYHA Functional Class 0.020 I 6 (5.9%) 3 (9.2%) 3 (4.4%) II 41 (40.2%) 8 (24.2%) 33 (47.8%) III 34 (33.3%) 11 (33.3%) 23 (33.3%) IV 21 (20.6%) 11 (33.3%) 10 (14.5%) Hemodynamics RAP (mmHg) 13.0 ± 6.2 13.3 ± 6.4 12.8 ± 6.8 0.679 mPAP (mmHg) 50.8 ± 13.0 54.3 ± 13.7 49.0 ± 12.4 0.048 PAOP (mmHg) 14.6 ± 5.9 14.7 ± 6.1 14.6 ± 5.9 0.916 CO (L/min) 3.9 ± 1.3 3.4 ± 0.9 4.1 ± 1.4 0.003 PVR (WU) 10.5 ± 5.5 12.5 ± 6.2 9.4 ± 4.7 0.110 BNP (pg/dL) 268.5 ± 283.2 284.3 ± 211.9 260.5 ± 314.4 0.687 6MWD (m) 365.9 ± 109.6 352.8 ± 106.8 373.0 ± 111.8 0.492
Patients who received targeted therapy had a more severe profile with higher mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), lower cardiac output (CO) and worse functional class.
In the group of treated patients, 17 (48,6%) received a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i), 4 patients (11,4%) received an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and 14 patients (40%) received upfront combination therapy with PDE5i + ERA. The use of medical therapy delayed the surgical procedure for about 7 months.
One-year survival curves of the whole cohort and according to the use of targeted therapy are presented in Figs 1 and 2, respectively. The overall 1-year survival was 82.5%
Graph: Fig 1 Overall 1-year survival.
Graph: Fig 2 One-year survival according to the use of pre-PEA therapy.
There was no difference in survival between patients who received targeted therapy and those treated only with supportive therapy with anticoagulants and diuretics (87.8% vs 80.3%, respectively, p = 0.426). Most deaths occurred in the first two months after surgery, having infection associated with sustained right ventricular dysfunction as the major cause of death (71.6% of all cases).
Univariate analysis demonstrated that older age, higher BNP and lower CO were significantly associated with increased mortality (Table 2).
Graph
Table 2 Univariate analysis of selected baseline variables.
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P Value Male gender 1.292 (0.501–3.334) 0.596 Age (years) 1.045 (1.011–1.079) 0.008 NYHA functional class II 0.468 (0.052–4.187) 0.497 III 0.903 (0.109–7.499) 0.924 IV 1.554 (0.187–12.919) 0.683 Hemodynamics mPAP (mmHg) 0.995 (0.957–1.033) 0.779 CO (L/min) 0.393 (0.195–0.794) 0.009 PVR (WU) 1.053 (0.959–1.155) 0.280 BNP (pg/dL) 1.001 (1.000–1.003) 0.026 6MWD (m) 0.997 (0.992–1.003) 0.377 Pre-PTE targeted therapy 0.640 (0.210–1.943) 0.431
The multivariate analysis including these variables demonstrated that CO was independently associated with prognosis (Table 3).
Graph
Table 3 Multivariate analysis of selected baseline variables.
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P Value Age (years) 1.053 (0.996–1.112) 0.070 CO (L/min) 0.374 (0.158–0.884) 0.025 BNP (pg/dL) 1.001 (0.999–1.003) 0.285
When analyzing only the group of patients with CO below the median value (3.75 L/min), thus with a more severe hemodynamic impairment at baseline, treated and non treated patients had similar baseline profile (Table 4) and the same postoperative management but the use of targeted therapy was associated with a significantly better one-year survival (89.1% vs 64.1%) (Fig 3).
Graph: Fig 3 One-year survival according to the use of pre-PEA therapy in patients with low cardiac output (< 3.75 L ∕ min).
Graph
Table 4 Baseline characteristics of patients with low cardiac output according to the use of targeted therapies.
Pre-PEA targeted therapy (n = 20) Pre-PEA supportive therapy (n = 26) P Value Age (years) 44.8 ± 13.0 50.8 ± 13.2 0.12 Hemodynamics RAP (mmHg) 13.5 ± 5.9 13.0 ± 6.9 0.79 mPAP (mmHg) 55.4 ± 11.8 49.4 ± 11.4 0.88 PAOP (mmHg) 14.7 ± 6.5 14.6 ± 7.6 0.98 CO (L/min) 2.82 ± 0.5 2.94 ± 0.5 0.42 PVR (WU) 14.5 ± 4.9 12.7 ± 4.6 0.22 BNP (pg/dL) 339.2 ± 191.4 442.4 ± 387.8 0.28 6MWD (m) 340.0 ± 90.7 333.2 ± 134.3 0.88
Our study showed that in patients with severe hemodynamic impairment, the use of targeted therapies prior to PEA was significantly associated with better outcome. Nevertheless, as previously demonstrated, this benefit was not evident if the whole population of CTEPH patients was considered, suggesting that the use of medical therapy pre-PEA could be an option, but only for well-selected patients.
Our patient population presented similar hemodynamic severity to that included in previous studies reporting the use of medical therapy before PEA. Similarly, the group treated with targeted therapies had worse functional capacity and hemodynamic profile compared to the group receiving supportive therapy pre-PEA [[
The rationale for using medical therapy in CTEPH has evolved in the last decade. It is now clear that patients with persistent or residual pulmonary hypertension after PEA, inoperable patients or patients with an unacceptable surgical risk–benefit ratio might benefit from the use of specific medical therapy [[
Nevertheless, although these aspects support the use of medical therapy in CTEPH, the largest series evaluating the use of targeted therapies prior to PEA failed to demonstrate any benefit on outcomes [[
However, none of these studies stratified patients according to the severity of hemodynamic impairment [[
Our study has limitations that must be acknowledged. In our single-center study, the decision to pre-operatively treat was made at the attending physician discretion and not based on an established protocol; nevertheless, it is clear that this decision was mostly based on a higher severity of the disease. Patients were then treated with off-label PAH-targeted therapies (sildenafil, bosentan or ambrisentan), according to drug availability in the country, instead of receiving riociguat, the only compound approved for use in CTEPH, although not as pre-operative treatment. No specific protocol for choosing the upfront treatment strategy (monotherapy or combination therapy) was applied, preventing any recommendation in this sense. Still, our treated group presented significant benefit despite the worse hemodynamic profile at baseline.
In conclusion, in higher-risk patients characterized by the presence of low cardiac output, the use of targeted therapies prior to PEA was associated with better outcome, suggesting a potential role for pre-operative use of medical treatment in this group. Nevertheless, our results reinforce that except for this higher risk group, the use of medical therapy prior to PEA is associated with delayed referral for surgery without influencing outcomes.
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By Marcela Araujo Castro; Bruna Piloto; Caio Julio Cesar dos Santos Fernandes; Carlos Jardim; William Salibe Filho; Francisca Gavilanes Oleas; Jose Leonidas Alves; Luciana Tamie Kato Morinaga; Susana Hoette; Mario Terra Filho; Orival Freitas Filho; Fabio Biscegli Jatene and Rogerio Souza
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