Background: Serologic testing for autoantibodies is recommended in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), as connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are an important secondary cause. Myositis antibodies are associated with CTD-ILD, but clinical associations with other ILDs are unclear. In this study, associations of myositis antibodies in various ILDs were evaluated. Methods: 1463 ILD patients and 116 healthy subjects were screened for myositis antibodies with a line-blot assay on serum available at time of diagnosis. Additionally, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) was analysed. Results: A total of 394 patients demonstrated reactivity to at least one antibody, including anti-Ro52 (36.0%), anti-Mi-2β (17.3%) and anti-Jo-1 (10.9%). Anti-Jo-1 (OR 6.4; p<0.100) and anti-Ro52 (OR 6.0; p<0.001) were associated with CTD-ILD. Interestingly, anti-Mi-2β was associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; OR 5.3; p = 0.001) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; OR 5.9; p<0.001). Furthermore, anti-Mi-2β was strongly associated with a histological usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern (OR 6.5; p < 0.001). Moreover, anti-Mi-2β reactivity was identified in BALf and correlated with serum anti-Mi-2β (r = 0.64; p = 0.002). No differences were found in survival rates between ILD patients with and without serum Mi-2β reactivity (hazard ratio 0.835; 95% CI 0.442–1.575; p = 0.577). Conclusion: In conclusion, novel associations of antibody Mi-2β with fibrotic ILD were found. Furthermore, serum anti-Mi-2β was associated with a histological UIP pattern and presence of anti-Mi-2β in BALf. Possibly, anti-Mi-2β could be implemented as a future diagnostic biomarker for fibrotic ILD.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of heterogeneous, diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitium. ILDs can be idiopathic or secondary to known causes including environmental exposures, drugs or connective tissue disease (CTD) [[
Serologic testing for autoantibodies by a myositis blot is recommended in pulmonary fibrosis suspected for an underlying CTD and includes myositis specific antibodies (MSA) and myositis associated antibodies (MAA) [[
Myositis antibodies have also been identified in hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and idiopathic IPs [[
To date, no major studies have compared myositis antibody positivity between CTD-ILD and other ILD. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence and clinical associations of myositis antibodies in these patients to enhance the diagnostic performance of serologic testing.
A retrospective cohort study was performed at the St Antonius ILD Centre of Excellence Nieuwegein, a tertiary ILD centre in the Netherlands. The majority of ILD patients were diagnosed between 2000 and 2019. The myositis blot used at our hospital was first introduced in 2012. All patients diagnosed with ILD before 2012, have not undergone a diagnostic myositis blot during their diagnostic work up. Subjects who had been tested for myositis antibodies during diagnostic work-up were evaluated. In addition, ILD patients who at first were not screened for myositis antibodies during their diagnostic work-up, were evaluated for the presence of antibodies in serum collected at date of diagnosis by a line-blot assay, run between 05–2019 and 07–2019. In addition, serum of healthy, non-ILD blood donors were screened for myositis antibodies as controls. For details on serum storage and sampling, see S1 File.
Diagnosis of ILD was assessed according to official ATS/ERS recommendations in a multidisciplinary discussion with an ILD pulmonologist, experienced thoracic radiologist, and a pathologist, when required [[
Patients were classified as having a CTD-ILD or ILD without established CTD (non-CTD-ILD). Patients were checked for any revisions of the ILD diagnosis during two years of follow-up, as an IP can precede an associated CTD often within two years after onset of disease [[
Patients with reactivity on a positive level against one or more antibodies were included for analysis. Only the first sample was included if more than one sample of a given patient was present. Subjects with solely weakly positive or negative antibody reactivity were excluded.
Baseline characteristics included pulmonary function tests, which were performed according to ATS/ERS recommendations [[
The study was approved by the St Antonius institutional review under protocol number 842002003 and patients provided written informed consent for research purposes.
Antibodies were detected in serum using a line-blot assay (EUROLINE Autoimmune Inflammatory Myopathies, EUROIMMUN, Lübeck, Germany), in collaboration with Biognost. The assay identified MSA including antibodies against Jo-1, EJ, OJ, PL-7, PL-12, Mi-2α, Mi-2β, TIF1-γ, MDA5, NXP2 and SAE1 and MAA, including antibodies against Ku, PM/Scl-75, PM/Scl-100 and Ro52. Analysis of the immunoblot strips was performed with the EUROLINEScan software (EUROIMMUN, Lübeck, Germany) according to manufacturer's recommendations as described for the EUROLINE Autoimmune Inflammatory Myopathies line blot assay. Strips were scored as negative, weakly positive and positive, which corresponds with intensity levels of respectively 0–10, 11–25 and >25. Antibody reactivity on a positive and weakly positive intensity level was separately evaluated.
Baseline characteristics were expressed as numbers and percentages or mean and standard deviation. Continuous and categorical variables were tested with a student's T-test/one-way ANOVA and Chi-Square test/Fisher's Exact test respectively. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed in CTD-ILD and non-CTD-ILD for testing antibody level and association, expressed as general odds ratios. Survival plots were created using Kaplan Meier curves. Survival time was expressed in months from date of diagnosis. Survival was censored after death or lung transplantation. The statistical analysis was performed by software IBM SPSS version 24.0. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
A total of 1463 ILD patients were screened for myositis antibodies. One hundred CTD-ILD and 294 non-CTD-ILD patients were positive for at least one antibody and were included in this study. Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1 and per ILD diagnosis in the supplementary data (S1 and S2 Tables in S1 File). Of CTD-ILD patients, a revision on the initial diagnosis (all formerly diagnosed as NCIP) was made in 15 (15%) patients. Mean duration between initial diagnosis and revision was 12.3 months (SD 8.8; range 2–23 months).
Graph
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 394 patients with ILD.
Subjects All CTD-ILD Non-CTD-ILD P N 394 100 294 Age 63.6 (11.2) 59.1 (11.5) 65.1 (10.7) < 0.001 Sex (m), % 242 (61.4) 46 (46.0) 196 (66.7) < 0.001 History of smoking, % 272 (68.7) 56 (56.0) 212 (72.4) 0.007 Pulmonary function test FVC 81.0 (20.1) 80.4 (23.2) 81.2 (19.0) 0.751 FEV1 83.3 (37.9) 86.3 (67.9) 82.3 (19.8) 0.571 DLCO 46.9 (16.2) 49.3 (15.0) 46.2 (16.5) 0.101 Pneumoprotein CA 15–3 64.9 (64.2) 51.2 (46.8) 69.8 (68.9) 0.003 CC16 20.2 (26.1) 17.2 (46.8) 21.2 (15.1) 0.410 CCL18 174.2 (112.7) 164.7 (93.2) 177.3 (118.3) 0.331 SP-D 113.4 (194.1) 108.7 (175.1) 115.1 (200.8) 0.768 YKL-40 148.4 (133.7) 140.8 (122.0) 151.2 (137.8) 0.724 HRCT scan UIP 96 (24.9) 11 (11.3) 85 (29.4) < 0.001 Probable UIP 47 (12.2) 7 (7.2) 40 (13.8) 0.084 Indeterminate 75 (19.4) 24 (24.7) 51 (17.6) 0.126 Alternative 168 (43.5) 55 (56.7) 113 (39.1) 0.002 Histopathology UIP 24 (20.5) - 24 (27.0) 0.002 Probable UIP 12 (10.3) 5 (17.9) 7 (7.9) 0.129 Indeterminate 20 (17.1) 5 (17.9) 15 (16.9) 0.902 Alternative 61 (52.1) 18 (64.3) 43 (48.3) 0.140
1 Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation or numbers and percentage within the diagnosis group.
- 2 CTD = connective tissue disease; ILD = interstitial lung disease; non-CTD-ILD = ILD without established CTD; FVC = forced vital capacity; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; DLCO = diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; CA 15–3 = cancer antigen 15–3; CCL18 = CC chemokine ligand 18; CC16 = Clara cell secretory protein; SP-D = surfactant protein D; YKL-40 = chitinase-3-like protein 1; UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia
- 3
a n = 383, data expressed mean and standard deviation in percentage of predicted - 4
b n = 383, data expressed as mean and standard deviation in kU/l (CA 15–3) or ng/ml (CC16, CCL18, SP-D, YKL-40) - 5
c n = 386, data expressed as numbers and percentage - 6
d n = 117, data expressed as numbers and percentage - 7
e p < 0.05, differences between CTD-ILD and non-CTD-ILD are calculated by a two-side unpaired T-test/One way Anova for continuous variables or Chi-Square test/Fisher's Exact test for dichotomous variables.
Significant differences between CTD-ILD and non-CTD-ILD were found for age (p<0.001), sex (p<0.001), smoking history (p = 0.007) and serum CA 15–3 (p = 0.003). Furthermore, radiological (p<0.001) and histopathological (p = 0.002) UIP patterns were predominantly observed in non-CTD-ILDs (range 4.2–82.4%) including IPF.
In CTD-ILD patients, presence of one or more autoimmune phenomena were common: arthralgia 75% (n = 75), arthritis 27% (n = 27), Raynaud's phenomenon 44% (n = 44), sicca complaints 51% (n = 51), mechanic's hands 11% (n = 11), myalgia 55% (n = 55) and muscle weakness 36% (n = 36). Prevalence of autoimmune phenomena per subtype CTD-ILD are listed in S1 Table in S1 File. Between groups, prevalence of arthritis was significantly different (p<0.001), with highest prevalence in patients with RA-ILD (n = 11; 100%).
Of CTD-patients, 86 patients (86%) showed non-UIP radiological patterns, i.e. patterns of probable UIP, indeterminate UIP or alternative diagnosis. In detail, radiological patterns of NSIP (n = 47), OP (n = 23), ground glass nodules (n = 4), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP; n = 3) and other radiological dominant patterns, including cysts (n = 1) and nodules (n = 1) were described. For non-CTD-ILD patients, non-UIP radiological patterns were seen in 69.4% of patients (n = 204). In detail, radiological patterns of NSIP (67.2%), OP (11.8%), ground glass nodules (11.3%), LIP (1.0%), emphysema (3.4%), cysts (1.5%) and nodules (3.9%) were observed.
Antibody prevalence was evaluated for all ILD, 116 healthy controls (Table 2) and per ILD diagnosis (S3 and S4 Tables in S1 File). On a positive intensity level, the most prevalent antibodies in ILD were Ro52 (36.0%) and Mi-2β (17.3%), followed by Jo-1 (10.9%) and SRP (7.4%, Table 2). Antibody prevalence was significantly higher in ILD compared to controls except for antibodies EJ, MDA5, Mi-2α, NXP2 and OJ. Anti-Ro52 reactivity was high in ASS (83.9%) and Sjogren's syndrome (92.3%, S3 Table in S1 File) but also observed in unclassifiable IIP, NSIP and COP (range 27.3–54.8%; S4 Table in S1 File). Prevalence of antibodies Mi-2β, SRP and Ku was significantly higher in non-CTD-ILD compared to CTD-ILD (all p<0.05, see Table 2), in particular in IPF (respectively 26.5%, 11.8% and 8.8%) and unclassifiable IIP (respectively 17.9%, 14.2% and 7.5%; S4 Table in S1 File). Mi-2β antibodies were observed in HP as well (26.4%).
Graph
Table 2 Frequency of myositis antibodies in ILD patients and healthy controls.
Antibody All ILD CTD-ILD Non-CTD-ILD P Healthy controls P N 394 100 294 116 MSA EJ 10 (2.5) 5 (5.0) 5 (1.7) 0.070 1 (0.9) 0.470 Jo-1 43 (10.9) 27 (27.0) 16 (5.4) <0.001 - <0.001 MDA5 8 (2.0) 2 (2.0) 6 (2.0) 0.980 - 0.208 Mi-2α 6 (1.5) 1 (1.0) 5 (1.7) 0.621 - 0.345 Mi-2β 68 (17.3) 7 (7.0) 61 (20.7) 0.002 1 (0.9) <0.001 NXP2 7 (1.8) 4 (4.0) 3 (1.0) 0.051 - 0.359 OJ 7 (1.8) 1 (1.0) 6 (2.0) 0.496 - 0.359 PL-12 21 (5.3) 11 (11.0) 10 (3.4) 0.003 - 0.006 PL-7 24 (6.1) 5 (5.0) 19 (6.5) 0.597 - 0.006 SAE1 14 (3.6) 2 (2.0) 14 (4.8) 0.026 - 0.047 SRP 29 (7.4) 2 (2.0) 27 (9.2) 0.017 - 0.002 TIF1-γ 24 (6.1) 1 (1.0) 23 (7.8) 0.014 - 0.006 MAA Ku 20 (5.1) 1 (1.0) 19 (5.4) 0.032 - 0.011 PM/Scl 100 22 (8.4) 13 (13.0) 20 (6.5) 0.053 1 (0.9) 0.013 PM/Scl 75 46 (11.7) 13 (13.0) 33 (11.2) 0.633 - <0.001 Ro52 142 (36.0) 67 (67.0) 75 (25.5) <0.001 2 (1.7) <0.001
- 8 Data are expressed as numbers and percentage of positive antibodies within each ILD diagnosis group. Weakly positive antibodies are excluded.
- 9 CTD = connective tissue disease; ILD = interstitial lung disease; non-CTD-ILD = ILD without established CTD
- 10
a p < 0.05, difference between CTD-ILD and other ILD patients calculated by Chi-Square test or Fisher's Exact test. - 11
b p < 0.05, difference between all ILD and healthy controls calculated by Chi-Square test or Fisher's Exact test
Associations between antibody reactivity and ILD were evaluated (Table 3). At the positive intensity level, strong associations were found of antibodies Jo-1 (OR 6.4; p<0.001), PL-12 (OR 3.4; p = 0.007) and Ro52 (OR 6.0; p<0.001) with CTD-ILD. Furthermore, odds ratios of less than one were found with antibodies Mi-2β (OR 0.3; p = 0.002), SRP (OR 0.2; p = 0.026) and Ku (OR 0.1; near-significant; p = 0.058) with CTD-ILD. Expressed as a reversed odds ratio (1/OR), corresponding ratios were 2.7, 5.3 and 7.1 respectively, indicating odds in favour of non-CTD-ILD. A sub analysis of CTD-ILD compared to IPF showed strong associations of antibodies Mi-2β (OR 0.2; 1/OR 5.3; p = 0.001), Ku (OR 0.1; 1/OR 10; p = 0.034) and SRP (OR 0.1; 1/OR 7.7; p = 0.013; S5 Table in S1 File) with IPF. Similarly, antibodies Mi-2β (OR 3.2; p = 0.015), Ku (OR 5.0 p = 0.046) and TIF1-γ (OR 16.7; p = 0.008) were associated with unclassifiable IIP compared to CTD-ILD. Mi-2β antibody was associated with HP compared to CTD-ILD as well (OR 5.9; p<0.001).
Graph
Table 3 Associations of myositis antibodies with ILD patients.
Antibody CTD-ILD (n = 100) Non-CTD-ILD (n = 294) Number Neg Number Weak pos Number Pos Number Neg Number Weak pos Number Pos OR p 95% CI p OR wp EJ 95 - 5 289 - 5 3.0 0.86–10.76 0.084 - Jo-1 72 1 27 271 7 16 6.4 3.25–12.42 <0.001 0.5 0.07–4.44 0.565 Ku 98 1 1 262 13 19 0.1 0.02–1.07 0.058 0.2 0.03–1.59 0.130 MDA5 97 1 2 277 11 6 1.0 0.19–4.80 0.952 0.3 0.03–2.04 0.199 Mi-2α 99 - 1 285 4 5 0.6 0.07–4.99 0.616 - Mi-2β 91 2 7 211 22 61 0.3 0.12–0.60 0.002 0.2 0.05–0.92 0.038 NXP2 95 1 4 287 4 3 4.0 0.89–18.3 0.071 0.8 0.08–6.84 0.803 OJ 99 - 1 284 4 6 0.5 0.06–4.02 0.497 - PL-12 89 - 11 278 6 10 3.4 1.41–8.36 0.007 - PL-7 95 - 5 270 5 19 0.8 0.27–2.06 0.574 - PM/Scl 100 87 - 13 260 14 20 1.9 0.93–4.07 0.078 - PM/Scl 75 86 1 13 249 12 33 1.1 0.57–2.27 0.707 0.2 0.03–1.88 0.175 Ro52 31 2 67 208 11 75 6.0 3.63–9.89 <0.001 1.2 0.258–5.77 0.802 SAE1 98 2 - 271 9 14 - 0.6 0.13–2.89 0.538 SRP 90 8 2 232 35 27 0.2 0.04–0.82 0.026 0.6 0.26–1.14 0.198 TIF1-γ 96 3 1 265 6 23 0.1 0.02–0.90 0.039 1.4 0.34–5.63 0.653
- 12 CTD = connective tissue disease; ILD = interstitial lung disease; non-CTD-ILD = ILD without established CTD
- 13
a OR: odds ratio for positive level (OR p); odds ratio for weak positive level (OR wp). - 14
b 95% confidence interval of odds ratio's - 15
c Logistic regression analysis of CTD versus other patients with positive, weak positive and negative antibody, with predicted probability for CTD-ILD.
Next, associations of antibodies with radiological and histological patterns were evaluated. Anti-SAE1 was associated with a radiological UIP pattern (OR 3.2; p = 0.036). Anti-Ro52 was associated with both radiological (OR 2.7; p<0.001) and histological non-UIP patterns (OR 0.16; 1/OR 6.3; p = 0.005; see Table 4). Interestingly, antibody Mi-2β was strongly associated with a histological UIP pattern (OR 6.5; p<0.001) but not significantly associated with a radiological UIP pattern. Concerning non-UIP radiological patterns (n = 47) in serum Mi-2β positive ILD patients, patterns of NSIP (83.8%), OP (12.8) and ground glass nodules (10.6%) were most prevalent. However, evaluation of ILD patients classified per radiological pattern (from UIP to alternative diagnosis) showed that the association of anti-Mi-2β with histological UIP persisted within each radiological group (OR range 4.3–10, all p<0.05), indicating that the association of serum Mi-2β antibodies with histological UIP was independent of the patients' corresponding radiological pattern. Other antibodies were not significantly associated with radiological patterns.
Graph
Table 4 Associations of myositis antibodies with a histological UIP pattern and non-UIP pattern.
Antibody UIP (n = 24) Non-UIP (n = 93) Number Neg Number Weak pos Number Pos Number Neg Number Weak pos Number Pos OR p 95% CI p OR wp EJ 24 - - 92 - 1 - - Jo-1 21 1 2 83 1 9 0.88 0.18–4.37 0.874 3.95 0.24–65.84 0.338 Ku 23 1 - 91 1 1 - 3.96 0.24–65.67 0.337 MDA5 23 1 - 91 1 1 - 3.96 0.24–65.67 0.337 Mi-2α 22 1 1 88 3 2 1.33 0.13–13.45 0.807 2.00 0.17–23.07 0.579 Mi-2β 10 3 11 77 3 13 6.52 2.31–18.41 <0.001 7.70 1.36–43.46 0.021 NXP2 24 - - 92 - 1 - - OJ 23 1 - 92 - 1 - - PL-12 22 2 - 81 1 11 - 7.36 0.64–85.01 0.110 PL-7 21 1 2 86 2 5 1.64 0.30–9.04 0.571 2.05 0.18–23.67 0.566 PM/Scl 100 22 - 2 78 3 12 0.59 0.12–2.84 0.511 - PM/Scl 75 18 2 4 76 2 15 1.13 0.33–3.80 0.848 4.22 0.56–32.03 0.164 Ro52 20 1 3 45 6 42 0.16 0.04–0.58 0.005 0.38 0.04–3.32 0.378 SAE1 22 - 2 90 1 2 4.09 0.55–30.67 0.171 - SRP 15 7 2 78 11 4 2.60 0.44–15.50 0.294 3.31 1.11–9.91 0.033 TIF1-γ 19 3 2 87 1 5 1.83 0.33–10.16 0.489 13.74 1.35–139.36 0.027
- 16 UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia
- 17
a OR: odds ratio for positive level (OR p); odds ratio for weakly positive level (OR wp). - 18
b 95% confidence interval of odds ratio's - 19
c Logistic regression analysis of histological UIP versus non UIP patients with positive, weakly positive and negative antibody, with predicted probability for UIP.
A survival analysis was performed to explore the prognostic value of antibody reactivity against Mi-2β in ILD patients. Overall, mean follow-up was 66.7 months (SD 50.5). Median survival of CTD-ILD patients (47 months) was significantly higher compared to non-CTD-ILD patients (median 33 months; p = 0.001). ILD patients with reactivity against Mi-2β showed no difference in survival (median 31.0 months) compared to patients without reactivity against Mi-2β (median 29.1 months; hazard ratio 0.835; 95% CI 0.442–1.575; p = 0.577). Within the CTD-ILD group, no difference was observed in survival between patients with and without reactivity against Mi-2β (p = 0.993). For the non-CTD-ILD group, no significant difference between patients with and without reactivity against Mi-2β was observed as well (p = 0.352).
An analysis was performed in BALf with regard to the association of antibody Mi-2β with histological UIP pattern. First, BALfs were retrieved of patients with serum Mi-2β antibodies on a positive intensity level and of a subset of patients without Mi-2β antibodies. BALf was tested for the presence of anti-Mi-2β by the line-blot assay (see S1 File). To determine the extent of possible leakage of blood plasma products to the alveoli, an albumin BALf/serum ratio was calculated and used as an indicator for antibody leakage. Nine serum Mi-2β positive ILD and eleven serum Mi-2β negative ILD with available BALfs were included (Table 5). Of serum Mi-2β positive ILD, one patient (IPF) demonstrated Mi-2β reactivity on a positive level in BALf, one patient (HP) on a weakly positive level and three (n = 2 HP and n = 1; RA-ILD) on a borderline weakly positive level (intensity level 6–10). Serum Mi-2β negative ILD patients did not show any Mi-2β reactivity in BALf. No differences were found in albumin BALf/serum ratios between serum Mi-2β positive and negative ILD patients (p = 0.849). In addition, albumin BALf/serum ratios in serum Mi-2β positive ILD were not different as well between subjects with and without Mi-2β reactivity in BALf (p = 0.568). Mi-2β reactivity on a combined (borderline) weakly positive and positive level in BALf was strongly associated with concurrent serum Mi-2β reactivity (r = 0.64; p = 0.002). Mi-2β reactivity on a positive level only in BALf was not significantly associated with serum Mi-2β reactivity.
Graph
Table 5 Mi-2β measurement in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in ILD patients.
Patient Diagnosis Age (y) Sex HRCT scan Histopathology Serum Mi-2β BALf Mi-2β Albumin BALf/serum 1 IPF 47 M Probable UIP - Pos Pos 1.29 2 HP 75 M Alternative - Pos Weak pos 1.27 3 HP 47 M Alternative Alternative Pos Borderline 0.22 4 HP 73 M Alternative - Pos Borderline 4.09 5 RA-ILD 54 M Alternative - Pos Borderline 1.67 6 HP 59 M Alternative - Pos Neg 1.49 7 HP 73 F UIP - Pos Neg 0.99 8 Unclassifiable IIP 72 F Probable UIP - Pos Neg 1.25 9 Unclassifiable IIP 50 F UIP Indeterminate UIP Pos Neg 1.29 10 IPF 74 M UIP - Neg Neg 1.44 11 COP 73 F Alternative Alternative Neg Neg 1.65 12 Sjogren's syndrome 75 M Alternative - Neg Neg 1.14 13 IPF 80 M UIP - Neg Neg 0.24 14 Sjogren's syndrome 73 F Probable UIP - Neg Neg 1.70 15 IPF 65 M Probable UIP UIP Neg Neg 1.07 16 IPF 76 M UIP - Neg Neg 0.87 17 ASS 62 M Indeterminate UIP Probable UIP Neg Neg 1.56 18 ASS 47 M Alternative - Neg Neg 4.05 19 Unclassifiable IIP 80 M Alternative - Neg Neg 0.56 20 HP 72 M UIP - Neg Neg 4.21
- 20 ILD = interstitial lung disease; IPF = idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; HP = hypersensitivity pneumonitis; RA-ILD; rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease; Unclassifiable IIP = unclassifiable idiopathic interstitial pneumonia; COP = cryptogenic organizing pneumonia; ASS: antisynthetase syndrome; HRCT = high resolution computed tomography; UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia; BALf = bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- 21 Pos = antibody reactivity on a positive intensity level; Weak pos = antibody reactivity on a weakly positive intensity level; Borderline = antibody reactivity on a borderline weakly positive intensity level (6–10); neg = no antibody reactivity.
- 22
a ratio of albumin level in BALf (mg/l) and serum (g/l).
In this study, we evaluated prevalence, clinical characteristics and associations of myositis antibodies in a large cohort of ILD. Antibodies Jo-1 and Ro52 were strongly associated with CTD-ILD. Strikingly, we demonstrated stronger associations of anti-Mi-2β positivity with IPF, HP and unclassifiable IIP compared to CTD-ILD. Furthermore, Mi-2β antibody was strongly associated with a histological pattern of UIP. Interestingly, anti-Mi-2β reactivity was detected in BALf and correlated with serum Mi-2β reactivity in ILD. No differences were found in survival rates between ILD patients with and without serum Mi-2β reactivity. To date, the clinical value of positive myositis antibodies in other ILDs including idiopathic IP remains unclear. Possibly, testing of autoantibody Mi-2β in particular could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for fibrotic ILD in clinical practice.
Antibodies against t-RNA synthetases and Ro52 were demonstrated in various ILDs. Antibody Jo-1 is considered as a predictor for ILD and was observed in 27% of CTD-ILD, compared to 30–50% found in DM with ILD [[
Novel findings on associations of antibody Mi-2β with fibrotic ILDs were found, in particular IPF. In DM research, Mi-2β antibodies were demonstrated in 4–14% of the subjects and correlated with the presence of an IP [[
This study was performed with patients whom were all diagnosed by a standardized multidisciplinary discussion in a tertiary ILD centre in the Netherlands. It is the first study to describe prevalence and associations of myositis antibodies in a large cohort of patients with other ILD compared with CTD-ILD and healthy subjects. This retrospective study has some limitations, as selection bias of more severely impaired patients with pulmonary fibrosis is possible in a referral centre. Although pulmonary involvement in CTD often arises within the first two years after onset of disease [[
The findings of this research raise question why autoantibodies are present in idiopathic IP, including IPF. It is acknowledged that IPF is the result of chronic activated fibroblast-myofibroblasts after repetitive damage, leading to tissue remodelling and injury of alveolar type II pneumocytes [[
For future research, it would be interesting to investigate associations with antibody reactivity and therapeutic strategies, including anti-inflammatory drugs, used in patients with CTD-ILD and other ILD. Moreover, it would be interesting to assess whether anti-fibrotic therapy reduces anti-Mi-2β signal during follow-up in ILD. In clinical practice, a novel approach of testing and interpretation of autoantibodies could be implemented. In Ssc related ILD, which is regularly treated by immunosuppressive therapy, the anti-fibrotic drug nintedanib slowed the progression of ILD [[
To date, the proposed classification of IPAF is a research concept and has not been implemented as an official ILD diagnosis yet [[
In conclusion, we demonstrated associations of myositis antibodies including anti-Mi-2β in a large cohort of other ILDs compared to CTD-ILD. Possibly, Mi-2β antibody could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for fibrotic ILD in clinical practice.
S1 File.
(DOCX)
• ANA
- Antinuclear antibody
• ASS
- Anti-synthetase syndrome
• ATS
- American Thoracic Society
• BALf
- Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- CA 15–3
- Cancer antigen 15–3
• CC16
- Clara cell secretory protein
• CCL18
- CC chemokine ligand 18
• COP
- Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
• CPFE
- Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
• CTD
- Connective tissue disease
• DIP
- Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
• DM
- Dermatomyositis
• Dlco
- Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide
• ERS
- European Respiratory Society
• FVC
- Forced vital capacity
• FEV1
- Forced expiratory volume in 1 second
• HP
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• HRCT
- High-resolution computed tomography
• IBM
- Inclusion body myositis
• IIP
- Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
• ILD
- Interstitial lung disease
• IMNM
- Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy
• IP
- Interstitial pneumonia
• IPAF
- Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
• IPF
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• MAA
- Myositis associated antibody
• MSA
- Myositis specific antibody
• NSIP
- Non-specific interstitial pneumonia
• PFT
- Pulmonary function test
• PM
- Polymyositis
• RA
- Rheumatoid arthritis
• SLE
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
• SP-D
- Surfactant protein D
• Ssc
- Systemic sclerosis
• UIP
- Usual interstitial pneumonia
• YKL-40
- Chitinase-3-like protein 1
By Sofia A. Moll; Mark G. J. P. Platenburg; Anouk C. M. Platteel; Adriane D. M. Vorselaars; Montse Janssen Bonàs; Raisa Kraaijvanger; Claudia Roodenburg-Benschop; Bob Meek; Coline H. M. van Moorsel and Jan C. Grutters
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