Surgical Treatment of Low-Flow CVM

Low-flow CVM are truncular or extratruncular type. Truncular superficial dilated dysplastic veins can be removed surgically if deep veins are normal. Venous aneurysm needs treatment because pulmonary embolism may happen. Tangential resection or vein transplant are the best treatment. Extratruncular forms, limited or infiltrating, may be sited in every part of the body. Often they are intramuscular. Treatment options are surgical removal, sclerosis by direct puncture with foam or alcohol injection, and laser treatment. According to great variability in site and extension, treatment strategy should be decided at a multidisciplinary discussion.