The Australian endemic plant bug genus Rayieria Odhiambo (Heteroptera :Miridae :Bryocorinae : Monaloniina) is revised. Ten species are described as new to science: Rayieria acaciae, sp. nov., R. albaornata, sp. nov., R. decorata, sp. nov., R. frontalis, sp. nov.,R. gearyi, sp. nov., R. grandiocula, sp. nov., R. kennedyi, sp. nov., R. minuta, sp. nov.. R. queenslandica, sp. nov., and R. rubranigra, sp. nov. Rayieria braconoides (Walker) and R.tumidiceps (Horváth) are synonymised with R. basifer (Walker), syn. nov. Diagnoses, descriptions, distribution records and host-plant information for all species are given. Digital habitus illustrations of males and females are provided for most species and sexes where available. Male and female genitalia are illustrated for each species. A key to all species is given. Phylogenetic analysis of the ingroup relationships of Rayieria is given, basedon 11 ingroups, 16 outgroups and 56 morphological characters. The analysis supports monophyly of Rayieria and establishes a clade comprising all other elongate monaloniine genera, inclusive of Arthriticus Bergroth, Ragwelellus Odhiambo, Helopeltis Signoret and Monalonion Herrich-Schaeffer. Braconid-mimic species of Rayieria are reported. Host-plant associations for this genus and the subtribe Monaloniina are discussed.
Received 11 July 2013, accepted 15 October 2013, published online 20 December 2013
The plant bug genus Rayieria Odhiambo is an endemic Australian taxon. It belongs to the plant bug subfamily Bryocorinae, and has been included in the tribe Monaloniini sensu Carvalho (1952, 1957)or subtribe Monaloniina sensu Schuh (1976).Itstaxonomic limits, species composition, relationships and biology are poorly known. Rayieria was described first by Odhiambo (1962) to accommodate two Australian species that were assigned originally to Eucerocoris Westwood; i.e. E. basifer Walker and E. braconoides Walker. Odhiambo (1962) also provisionally transferred the Australian species E. tumidiceps (Horváth) based on the original description. All three species are currently assigned to Rayieria, but undescribed species exist in collections (Odhiambo 1965; Cassis and Gross 1995; Schuh 1995). Odhiambo (1962, 1965) compared Rayieria with Eucerocoris and Ragwelellus. Namyatova and Cassis (2012) delimited Monaloniina s.str. within the subtribe Monaloniina, where they include Arthriticus Distant, 1904, Eucerocoris Westwood, 1837, Helopeltis Signoret, 1858, Monalonion Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850, Physophoroptera Poppius, 1910, Physophoropterella Poppius, 1914, Ragwelellus Odhiambo, 1962, Rayieria Odhiambo, 1962, and Schuhirandella Namyatova & Cassis, 2013. The comparison of Rayieria with the other genera is provided after the generic description.
Rayieria is widespread in Australia. Some species have a widespread distribution and are potential pests of Acacia (Fabaceae) and myrtaceous plants (incl. Eucalyptus spp.). An unidentified Rayieria species has been introduced accidentally to South Africa (Donnelly 1986), where it feeds on invasive Australian Acacia species (Le Rouxetal. 2011). Donnelly (1986) did not provide descriptions of those Rayieria species and we do not have enough information to identify them.
We present the first substantive treatment of the genus, including diagnoses and descriptions of the genus and species, determination of taxon relationships and documentation and discussion of host associations and geographic distribution. A phylogenetic analysis was undertaken to test generic monophyly, determine the relationships between Rayieria and other monaloniines and establish relationships of species within the genus.
Over 750specimenswere examinedfor the present study from the following collections.
AM Australian Museum (Sydney, Australia)
AMNH American Museum of Natural History (New York, USA)
ANIC Australian National Insect Collection (Canberra, Australia)
BMNH Natural History Museum (London, UK)
BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum (Honolulu, USA)
MVMA Museum of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia)
HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest, Hungary)
NTM Northern Territory Museum(Darwin,Australia)
QM Queensland Museum (Brisbane, Australia)
SAMA South Australian Museum (Adelaide, Australia)
TAMU Texas A&M University (USA)
UNSW University of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia)
WAMP Western Australian Museum (Perth, Australia)
A unique specimen identifier ( = USI) with matrix code was attached to each specimen (Table S1, available as Supplementary Material on the journal website). All the collection event data and host-plant information have been entered in the Plant Bug Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Locality Database (https:// research.amnh.org/pbi/locality/) hosted also on the Discover Life website (
Phylogenetic analyses were performed with parsimony as the optimality criterion. All analyses were run using TNT software (Goloboff et al. 2000, 2008), employing a traditional search with 10 000 replication and 10 trees saved per replication. The data were run with all characters unweighted and unordered. Searches also were undertaken using implied weights with a concavity value of K = 3. All unsupported nodes were collapsed after each analysis.
Bremer support values (Bremer 1994) were calculated in TNT (Goloboff et al. 2008) to estimate support of sister-group relationships. Bootstrap resampling (Felsenstein 1985) was also performed, with 10 000 replications.
All eleven species of Rayieria and 16 outgroups were analysed. To clarify the sister-group relationships, we selected the following representatives from all monaloniine genera that possess an impunctate clavus andR+M,and havesimilar genitalic structures: Arthriticus eugeniae Bergroth, Helopeltis cinchonae Mann, H. clavifer (Walker), H. corbisieri Schmitz, Monalonion sp., Physophoroptera mirabilis Poppius, Physophoropterella bondroiti Poppius, Ragwelellus festivus (Miller), Ragwelellus suspectus (Distant), R. vittatus (Odhiambo), and Schuhirandella fulva Namyatova & Cassis. We excluded the monotypic Eucerocoris Westwood because no specimens were available. In addition,weincluded four more distantly related monaloniines and odoniellines: Felisacus elegantulus (Reuter), Lycidocoris mimeticus Reuter & Poppius, Pachypeltis fallenii (Stål), and Sahlbergella singularis Haglund. Trees were rooted with the dicyphine species Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter).
The 56 morphological characters codified in this analysis are given in Table 1. Characters of the head, thorax, appendages, colouration, vestiture and male and female genitalia were coded using Mesquite software (Maddison and Maddison 2010). The data matrix is given in Table 2.
Specimens were dissected following Kerzhner and Konstantinov (1999). All genitalic structures were drawn in the dorsal view. Terminology of male genitalia follows Konstantinov (2003), except for the structure of endosoma, which follows Cassis (2008). Terminology of female genitalia follows Davis (1955), Schwartz (2011) and Stonedahl (1991).
Most dorsal habitus images were made using Visionary Digital BK Plus Laboratory photographic system (
Scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimens were taken using a Hitachi TM3000 microscope. All images were processed using Adobe Photoshop CS3 extended and CS5.1 extended software.
All measurements were taken using a digital micrometer interfaced with Winwedge software (
All scalebars are equal to 0.1 mm, unless otherwise stated.
The following abbreviations are used throughout the paper: AF, antennal fossa; first to fourth antennal segments, AI, AII, AIII, AIV; first to fourth labial segments, L1, LII, LIII, LIV; Bu, buccula; Md, mandibular plate; Mx, maxillary plate; first to third segments of hind tarsus, HT1, HT2, HT3; DS, ductus seminis; DLB, dorsal labiate plate; ACT, Australian Capital Territory; NSW, New South Wales; NT, Northern Territory; QLD, Queensland; SA, South Australia; TAS, Tasmania; WA, Western Australia; Bs, Bremer support values; Bsv, bootstrap support values.
The unweighted analysis produced a single most parsimonious tree with 142 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.5 and retention index (RI) = 0.76 (Fig. 1A). The tree is not completely resolved, as all unsupported nodes were collapsed after the searches. The implied weights analysis, with a concavity constant of K = 3, resulted in the same topology as the unweighted tree. Bs and Bsv are given in Fig. 1B.
Nodes of major clades are numbered from 1 to 11 (Fig. 1A). Nodes 1 -- 4 concern the phylogenetic position of Rayieria within monaloniines, and the remaining nodes concern the ingroup relationships of Rayieria species (Fig. 1A). Character state distributions for each node are as follows.
Node1(Bs = 4,Bsv= 60). Monaloniina s. str. (see diagnosis of Rayieria below and of Schuhirandella in Namyatova and Cassis 2012). This clade differs from other monaloniines and odoniellines by apex of scutellum at least slightly roundish (character 25-1) (Fig. 9A, B, H); absence of outgrowth on metasternum (30-0) (Fig. 9J); margins of claval commissure curved (33-1) (Fig. 9A, B); membrane cell distinctly longer than distance between apices of cell and membrane (39-1) (Figs 1, 9G); forecoxae separated (except Monalonion sp.) (40-1) (Fig. 9I); femora swollen apically (43-2) (except some Rayieria); and HTI longer than HTIII (46-2) (Fig. 8F). States 25-1, 30-0 and 39-1 are not unique in the monaloniines and odoniellines, whereas all others are not contradicted.
Node 2 (Bs=2, Bsv = 0). This clade comprises elongate monaloniines + Schuhirandella fulva; it includes all genera of Monaloniina s. str., except the African taxa Physophoroptera and Physopohoropterella. This node is defined by longitudinal depression on head as long as or longer than eye diameter (14-1, 14-2); outgrowth on metepimeron reduced, narrow (28-0) (Fig. 9C); and DS attached basally to phallobase on the left (53-0) (Figs 11A, E, I, M, 12E, I, M, 13A, E). Amongst other Bryocorinae, the first two states also occur in the autapomorphic Felisacus. The last state is common within clade 2, but DS is attached medially in Monalonion sp., Arthriticus eugeniae, Helopeltis cinchonae, Rayieria rubranigra and R. frontalis.
Node 3 (Bs =3, Bsv = 17). This node comprises elongate monaloniines that have long appendages, inclusive of species of Arthriticus, Ragwelellus, Helopeltis, Monalonion and Rayieria. The uncontradicted synapomorphies for this group are: the exaggerated antennae that are subequal to or longer than the body (0-1); and AII distinctly longer than the head and pronotum combined (5-1). The clade is supported also by AII not swollen apically (4-0) (Figs 2, 3), AIII and AIV filiform (6-0) and transverse depression on head distinct (15-1) (Fig. 5A-D, F).
Node 4 (Bs=3, Bsv=66). This clade comprises Monalonion, Ragwelellus, Arthriticus and Helopeltis. It is the sister group of Rayieria and is characterised by: LII more than twice as long as wide (10-2); LIV subequal to or longer than head length ventrally (11-0); frons flat, not protruding, sometimes slightly convex in dorsal view, but straight in lateral view (13-0); margins of corial fracture curved (36-1) (Fig. 9E); and all femora distinctly curved (41-1, 42-1). The curved corial fracture is a non-contradicted synapomorphy for this clade. The structure of LII and LIV is not unique to this clade, and occurs in mirids not included in our revised definition of Monaloniina. We also found that the frons is flat in Physophoropterella bondroiti, and the calli are also flat in P. bondroiti and Physophoroptera mirabilis. Curved hind femora also occur in some other monaloniines, but fore- and mesofemora are curved only in this clade.
Node 5 (Bs = 1, Bsv = 65). Rayieria is monophyletic, and characterised by AI slightly shorter than or subequal to head and pronotum combined, as wide as or wider than clypeus width (
Node 6 (Bs = 1, Bsv = 5). Rayieria, aside from R. decorata. This clade is defined by the single contradicted synapomorphy, namely collar slightly swollen (19-1) (almost flat in R. kennedyi and R. minuta) (Fig. 7A, C, D, F). R. decorata possesses a mosaic of plesiomorphic characters and uncontradicted synapomorphies (see diagnosis), which distinguishes it from all other Rayieria species.
Node 7 (Bs = 2, Bsv = 28). This node comprises Rayieria frontalis, R. kennedyi and R. minuta. Synapomorphies of this clade include: AI slightly shorter than head and pronotum combined, wider than clypeus width (
Node 8 (Bs = 2, Bsv = 80). This node comprises Rayieria kennedyi + R. minuta, which share small eyes in males (17-1) (Fig.5E) and a flat collar(19-0) (Fig. 7B,H).Smalleyes occur also in R. albaornata and R. decorata (Fig. 5A, C), and a flat collar is also present in R. decorata (Fig. 7E). However, R. kennedyi and R. minuta are different in most other characters from other Rayieria species (see the key and diagnoses).
Node 9 (Bs =1, Bsv =1). This node comprises Rayieria gearyi + R. frontalis + R. kennedyi + R. minuta and is defined by a sole contradicted synapomorphy - hind femur swollen apically and fore- and middle femora not swollen (43-1), which defines also the clade that comprises R. queenslandica, R. basifer, R. grandiocula and R. albaornata (see Node 11). Although Node 9 is not supported by any uncontradicted synopomorphies, R. gearyi possesses two serrate spicules of the endosoma (Fig. 12E), as in R. minuta and R. kennedyi (Figs 12M, 13A), which can also support the close relationships of those three species (Figs 12, 13).
Node 10 (Bs= 1, Bsv = 51). This clade comprises Rayieria albaornata + R. grandiocula + R. basifer. These three species are very similar to each other and are putative braconid mimics, based on their hemelytral colouration, being bicoloured, with contrasting whitish and dark brown areas (35-1) (Figs 2-4). Support values of the clade are not significant.
Node 11 (Bs = 2, Bsv = 25). This clade comprises Rayieria albaornata + R. grandiocula + R. basifer + R. queenslandica. This clade is characterised only by the hind femur swollen apically and fore- and middle femora not swollen (43-1) and DLP with fine striation (55-1)(Fig. 14B,D,G,J). The former state also occurs in R. gearyi, R. frontalis, R. kennedyi and R. minuta, as discussed above (see Node 9), and the latter character state also occurs in R. frontalis (Fig. 14E). Although those two synapomorphies are contradicted, R. queenslandica can be separated from R. basifer by colouration, being very pale with a bright red cuneus in the former species (Figs 2, 3).
It has been stated that plant bugs of the family Miridae often show a high degree of host specificity (Cassis and Schuh 2012), or are commonly oligophagous (Wheeler 2001). Recent works on the host associations of many Australian phyline and orthotyline genera indicate host specificity or clade restrictedness (e.g. Cassis 2008; Schuh and Weirauch 2010; Cheng et al. 2012, Tatarnic 2009).
There has been little assessment of the host-plant relationships for the subfamily Bryocorinae. Within the nominotypical tribe, the Bryocorini, members of the genotype and Monalocoris Dahlbom are fern feeders. Members of the circumtropical tribe Eccritotarsini are found on a wide range of monocots, including orchids, bromeliads, pandans and gingers. Members of the subtribe Dicyphina, many of which are zoophytophagous (Sanchez et al. 2006; Martinez-Cascales et al. 2006), are known from sticky plants of more derived angiosperm clades, in families such as the Asteraceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae; they are not known from monocots. Monaloniina and Odoniellina are known from a broader range of host-plant families, including ferns (e.g. Felisacus), monocots, and many asterid and rosid angiosperms (Schuh 1995; Schuh 2002-2013). Most of the host-plant records for the last two dicyphine subtribes are documented in the agricultural literature, where several species are reported as significant economic pests of foodcrops such as coffee, tea, cashew, cocoa and mango (Lavabre 1977; Schuh 1995). In particular, many of these taxa are pests of cocoa (Theobroma cacao); e.g. Sahlbergella spp. in Africa, Helopeltis spp. in the Old World tropics, and Monalonion spp. in the Neotropics (Lavabre 1977).
Cassis and Gross (1995) listed host records for only three Australian monaloniine species known at the time; i.e. Ragwelellus suspectus (ex Melaleuca quinquenervia), Felisacus elegantulus (ex ferns) and Helopeltis clavifer (multiple hosts, including extralimital food plants, such as mango, avocado, cashew, tea and cocoa). Recently, we were able to document the host plant of a new Australian monaloniine species, Schuhirandella fulva, which was found on a species of the myrtaceous genus Calothamnus (Namyatova and Cassis 2012).
In this work, we document the host plants for six of the eleven described Rayieria species, which are putatively polyphagous and feed on a broad range of flowering plants (Table 3). They have been collected from species belonging to the plant families Asparagaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Papilionaceae and Proteaceae. We have observed the following patterns of association:
(
(
(
(
These patterns in part corroborate those found for other geocorisan (Cimicomorpha + Pentatomomorpha) plant feeding bugs, for example, Acacia is a common host plant for some heteropteran species, e.g. Coreidae: Agriopocorini: Agriopocoris Miller (Brailovsky and Cassis 1999), Scutelleridae: Coleotichus (Cassis and Vanags 2006) and Piesmatidae: Mcateella Drake (Elias and Cassis 2012). More recently, the myrtaceous subfamily Chamelaucieae has been shown to harbour multiple radiations of the plant bug tribe Phylini (Schuh and Weirauch 2010; Harpgophylus, Melaleucoides, Thryptomenomiris) and Orthotylini (Cheng et al. 2012; Myrtlemiris Cheng, Mututantri &Cassis). In addition, the record of Rayieria basifer upon Eucalyptus is significant, as geocorisans are not particularly diverse on gumtrees and allies, with the notable exception of Coreidae: Amorbus Dallas (Cassis and Gross 2002), Pentatomidae: Poecilometis Dallas (Gross 1975) and Thaumastocoridae: Thaumastocoris Kirkaldy (Noack et al. 2011).
In the case of the Proteaceae, among Australian heteropterans, only representatives of the thaumastocorid genus Onymocoris Drake & Slater (Cassis et al. 1999), and a clade of the genus Mcateella (Elias and Cassis 2012) have been recorded. In the latter case and in Rayieria, putative host switching events from rosids to the Proteaceae may be indicative of ecological fitting.
Such similarities across geocorisan clades indicate that several plant genera have served as niches for bug diversification. Within Rayieria there is no indication that coevolutionary processes are in play, although clade restrictedness is present between bug species and plant genera.
Rayieria Odhiambo, 1962 : 236; Odhiambo, 1965 : 22; Cassis & Gross, 1995: 144 (Australian catalogue); Schuh, 1995 : 524 (world catalogue).
Type species: Eucerocoris basifer Walker, 1873 by original designation.
Rayieria can be recognised by the following characters: body elongate; frons swollen between AF (Fig. 5A-F); clypeus swollen in lateral view (Fig. 7); distinct longitudinal depression on dorsal surface of head subequal to or slightly longer than eye width; antenna ~1.5 x as long as body length; AF oval, large (Fig. 6); AI subequal, slightly shorter or slightly longer than length of head and pronotum combined, swollen apically or incrassate towards apex (Fig. 6A-C); AII distinctly longer than length of head and pronotum combined, not incrassate towards apex or swollen apically; AIII and AIV filiform; eyes only slightly protruding, not stalked (Fig. 5A-F); labium short, length varying from slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum to reaching middle of mesosternum (Figs 7B, D-F, H, 8A-E); Bu subequal or slightly longer, not more than twice, as long as distance from Bu to pronotum (Figs 7, 8A-D); LI as long as or slightly longer than Bu (Fig. 8A-E); LII wide and relatively short, approximately twice as long as wide (Fig. 8A-E), LIV shorter than head (Fig. 8A-E); collar often swollen (Fig. 7A, C, D, F), sometimes flat (Fig. 7B, E, H); calli moreorless swollen (Figs5A,B,D,7A,C,D,F),rarely almost flat (Figs 5C, E, 7B, E); posterior disc of pronotum almost flat to moderately raised (Fig. 7A-F); pronotum and scutellum without punctation (Fig. 5A-E); scutellum flat, without outgrowths or processes; posterior part of metepimeron reduced, not angulate (Fig. 9C); metasternum without outgrowth (Fig. 9J); hemelytron glabrous or with a few hairlike setae, rarely more densely clothed with suberect simple setae (see R. basifer); margins of claval commissure curved (Fig. 9A, B); clavus and R+M vein impunctate; claval commissure longer than scutellum; margins of corial fracture straight (Fig. 9D); membrane cell greatly elongate (Fig. 9G), longer than pronotum; distance between apex of cell and apex of membrane distinctly shorter than cell length; forecoxae separated (Fig. 9I); foretibia as long as or only slightly longer than length of head and pronotum combined; fore- and middle femora not curved; hind femur almost straight or weakly curved, weakly swollen apically; HTI longer than HTIII (Fig. 8F); pretarsal claw almost straight, curved only apically, without tooth (Fig. 10A, B); DS usually attached basally at left hand side, sometimes attachment more medial (Figs 11 -- 13).
Colour variable, many species mainly whitish yellow to pale brown, sometimes with reddish tinge, in some species body mainly greenish, reddish or brownish, sometimes dark brown to black with whitish or pinkish markings (Figs 2-4), frons often with pale brown, reddish or brownish stripes.
Surface and vestiture. Smooth, posterior part of pronotum sometimes rugose, pronotum and scutellum without punctures (Fig. 5A-E), corium sometimes only with very shallow indistinct punctures; clavus and R+M impunctate; hemelytron often semitransparent, but sometimes leathery and not transparent. Body clothed with rare simple suberect setae, dorsum often glabrous, only with a few hairs on head, pronotum and anterior angle of hemelytron, rarely dorsum clothed with dense setae (R. basifer); thoracic pleura and coxae with rare short setae only; antenna, femora and tibiae clothed with simple suberect or adpressed setae and spine-like setae, often subequal to, sometimes slightly shorter or longer than AII width, apices of tibiae and tarsi with adpressed setae, as long as or slightly shorter than AII width; abdomen clothed with suberect setae of different length, sometimes denser on genital capsule.
Structure. Head. More or less transverse, distinctly swollen or almost flat dorsally (Fig. 7); eye slightly protruding, not stalked (Fig. ); frons more or less protruding (see from lateral view) (Fig. 7), more so dorsally (Fig. 5A, B, D-F), rarely only slightly swollen dorsally (R. decorata) (Fig. 5C); size of eyes varying from very small (R. kennedyi) to relatively large (R. grandiocula and some males of R. basifer) (Fig. 5A-F), vertex 1.5-6 x as wide as eye, usually 2-3 x as wide as eye; distance between AF often subequal to or sometimes shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 5A-F); distance from eyeto pronotum subequaltoor slightly shorter than eye diameter dorsally (Fig. 5A-F); longitudinal depression subequal to or slightly longer than eye diameter; transverse depression distinct or indistinct; clypeus swollen (Fig. 7), its base situated slightly above or below inferior margin of AF (Fig. 6); AF oval and large (Fig. 6); ventral side of head slightly swollen or almost straight (Figs 7, 8A-D); Bu as long as or slightly shorter, not more than twice as short as distance betweenBuand pronotum(Figs7,8A-D). Labium(Figs7B,D-F, H, 8A-E). Length varying from very short, slightly surpassing anterior margin of pronotum to reaching middle of mesosternum; LI as long as or slightly longer than Bu, LII approximately twice as long as wide, as long as or slightly longer than LI, LIII as long as, slightly longer or slightly shorter than LII, LIV length varying from subequal to LIII to almost twice as long as LIII. Antenna. Longer than body; AI elongate, subequal to, slightly longer or slightly shorter than length of head and pronotum combined, often thinner than or as wide as clypeus from anterior view, and swollen apically (Fig. 6A,B), sometimes wider than clypeus from anterior view and only slightly incrassate towards apex (Fig. 6C), often with tubercule at base dorsally (Fig. 8H), sometimes this tubercule absent or indistinct (Fig. 8G); AII distinctly longer than length of head and pronotum combined, 1.5-2 x as long as AI, slightly thinner than AI; AIII 0.5-0.7 x as long as AII; AIV 0.3-0.7 x as long as AIII; AII-IV filiform, slightly thinner than segment I, not incrassate or swollen apically. Pronotum. Collar flat or slightly swollen, not delimited between calli; calli usually slightly swollen (Figs 5A, B, D, 7A, C, D), rarely almost flat (Figs 5C, E, 7B, E) or cone-shaped (R. rubranigra) (Fig. 7F); posterior part of pronotal disc slightly raised (Fig. 7A-F); posterior margin often straight, sometimes slightly convex or concave. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Two punctures between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; scutellum not swollen, slightly obtuse apically (Fig. 9A, B, H), without outgrowth; mesoscutum exposed. Metasternum. Without outgrowth (Fig. 9J). Hemelytron. Clavus faintly delimited into inner and outer parts, but without punctures between them (Fig. 9A, B); margin of claval commissure curved (Fig. 9A, B), claval commissure longer than scutellum; margins of corial fracture straight (Fig. 9D); corium flat or slightly swollen posteriorly; R+M reaching cuneus; medial fracture parallel to R+M, almost not seen from above; cuneus narrow, its outer margin 3-4 x as long as base (Fig. 9G); cell longer than pronotum (Fig. 9G), often with small additional vein apically (Fig. 9F); distance between apices of cell and membrane distinctly shorter than cell length. Legs. Forecoxae separated (Fig. 9I); fore-and middle femora straight or only slightly curved, often not swollen apically, sometimes swollen apically; hind femur more or less swollen apically, often curved, sometimes almost straight; foretibia as long as or slightly longer than head and pronotum combined; hind tibia shorter than half of body length; HTI 2-2.5 x as long as HTII and 1.5 x as long as HTIII, rarely subequal to HTIII length (Fig. 8F); claw almost straight, only slightly curved apically (Fig. 10A). Abdomen. Margins roundish, genital capsule not twisted relative to pregenital segments.
Genitalia. Genital capsule (Figs 11D,H,L,P, 12D,H,L,P, 13D, H, L) trapeziform; dorsal surface shorter than ventral surface, without any processes; ventral surface often with apex oriented to right (Figs 11D, L, P, 12H, L, P, 13D, H, L) or broadly oval (R. albaornata, R. frontalis) (Figs 11H, 12D). Right paramere (Figs 11B, F, J, N, 12B, F, J, N, 13B, F, J) small, acute apically. Left paramere (Figs 11C, G, K, O, 12C, G, K, O,13C,G,K) r-shaped, 2-3 x as long as right paramere, often with medial tumescence and apex widened. Aedeagus (Figs 11A, E, I, M, 12A, E, I, M, 13A, E, I) large, 3-4 x as long as left paramere; phallotheca strongly sclerotised dorsally and membranous laterally and ventrally, often with sclerotised triangular patch apically on right hand side; DS distinctly longer than phallobase, entirely membranous, often attached at left hand side, but in some species attached medially (Figs 12A, 13I); endosoma often with fields of small spicules, sometimes also with single serrate spicule (Fig. 11A) or with two serrate spicules (Figs 12E, M, 13A), rarely entirely membranous (Fig. 11E, M).
Similar to male, sometimes different in colouration. In some species body slightly longer and eyes smaller than in male.
Genitalia (Fig. 14). DLP membranous, without any sclerites, with two more or less distinct sclerotised bands, sometimes with fine striation between the bands (Fig.14B,D,E,G,J);spermathecal gland often placed distally to lateral oviducts (Fig. 14A, C, E -- H), sometimes almost between them (Fig. 14D, I), or proximally (Fig. 14B). Posterior wall entirely membranous with very fine sculpturation (Fig. 14K). Ventral wall of bursa copulatrix with or without sclerites around vulva (Fig. 14L).
The genus is found in all Australian states. However, there are only two widespread species, R. basifer, which is known from all Australian states, and R. acaciae, which is known from all states, except TAS. All other species have more restricted distribution and most of them are known only from WA.
Odhiambo (1962) separated Rayieria from Eucerocoris and Ragwelellus by the body and appendages with bristles, swollen and projecting frons, swollen and large pronotal collar and very short labium. Our examination of available material demonstrated that all those character states are either not common for all Rayieria spp. or also occur in other closely related genera. Most species of this genus have only a few setae on the dorsum and very short setae on the appendages, which is similar to other monaloniine genera. Representatives of R. basifer are often clothed with dense setae on the dorsum, as long as or longer than AII width, but sometimes they have vestiture similar to other Rayieria species. The frons is swollen and projecting, which also occurs in the closely related genera Schuhirandella and the African genus Physophoroptera. Within Rayieria, the collar is almost flat in R. decorata, R. kennedyi and R. minuta (Fig. 7B, E). It is also distinctly swollen in Monalonion and some species of Ragwelellus. We found that in Rayieria and all other monaloniines the size of the collar varies and is not a synapomorphy for Rayieria. In this genus the labium is short, its length varying from very short, slightly surpassing the anterior margin of pronotum (R. kennedyi, R. minuta and R. frontalis) to reaching the middle of the mesosternum (R. acaciae and R. frontalis) (Figs 7B, D-F, H, 8A-E). In Ragwelellus, Helopeltis, Monalonion, Arthriticus and Physophoroptera the labium is longer, reaching at least to the posterior margin of the mesosternum. However, in Schuhirandella the labium is slightly surpassing the posterior margin of the prosternum (Fig. 2A in Namyatova and Cassis 2012), and in Physophoropterella the labium reaches the middle of the mesosternum. The most reliable character for diagnosing Rayieria is the unique structure of the antennae, which are subequal to or longer than the body, with the length of AI subequal to the head and pronotum combined, AII not incrassate or swollen apically, and AIII and AIV filiform, not clavate. In almost all other monaloniine genera AI is either shorter than the head (Schuhirandella, Monalonion and Physophoroptera) or distinctly longer than head and pronotum combined (Ragwelellus, Helopeltis and Arthriticus). In Physophoropterella, AI is almost as long as the head and pronotum combined, but the antennae are shorter than the body length, AII is distinctly swollen apically, and AIII and AIV are clavate. The claw of Rayieria curved only apically is also unique character within Monaloniina s. str. (Fig. 10A).
We recently commented on the suprageneric classification of Monaloniina and Odoniellina (Namyatova and Cassis 2012), and delimited the Monaloniina s.str. inclusive of Rayieria, as well as Arthriticus, Eucerocoris, Helopeltis, Monalonion, Physophoroptera, Physophoropterella, Ragwelellus, Rayieria and Schuhirandella. This group is characterised by an impunctate pronotum and scutellum, without rows of punctures on clavus and R+M vein, membrane cell greatly elongate (Fig. 9G), metasternum without outgrowth (Fig. 9J), hind femora at least slightly swollen apically, HTI longer than HTIII (Fig. 8F). Physophoropterella and Physophoroptera are readily separated from Rayieria by presence of outgrowth on scutellum and swelling near posterior part of corium, antenna shorter than body length and swollen or clavate AIII and AIV. Helopeltis can be recognised by presence of a spine on the scutellum and distinctly curved fore- and middle femora. Within Monaloniina s.str., Rayieria is putatively closely related to Schuhirandella Namyatova & Cassis, 2013, in that both genera the frons and clypeus are swollen (Figs 5A-F, 6, 7 and Fig. 2A, B, D in Namyatova and Cassis 2012), labium shortened, with LI only slightly longer than Bu (Fig. 8A-E and Fig. 2A in Namyatova and Cassis 2012), and margins of corial fracture straight (Fig. 9D). Schuhirandella differs as follows: body short, antenna shorter than body length, AI distinctly shorter than head width, AIII and AIV clavate (see Fig. 1 in Namyatova and Cassis 2012), and claw broadly rounded (see Fig. 2Fin Namyatova and Cassis 2012). Rayieria can also be confused with Ragwelellus and Arthriticus in general appearance, because all three genera have an elongate body and AI, but Ragwelellus and Arthriticus can be separated by: frons not protruding, Bu very short, ~3 x as short as distance from Bu to pronotum, LI distinctly longer than Bu, LIV subequal or longer than head length, margin of corial fracture curved (Fig. 9E), foretibia distinctly longer than head and pronotum combined, and claw broadly rounded (Fig. 10C, E). We also compared Rayieria with the description of Eucerocoris given by Westwood (1837), and concluded that Eucerocoris is closer to Ragwelellus, as it has antenna 3 x as long as body length, whereas in Rayieria antenna is only 1.5 x as long as body length.
R. acaciae Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. albaornata Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. basifer (Walker, 1873) (R. braconoides (Walker, 1983)
syn. nov., R. tumidiceps (Horváth, 1902) syn. nov)
R. decorata Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. frontalis Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. gearyi Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. grandiocula Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. kennedyi Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. minuta Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. queenslandica Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
R. rubranigra Namyatova & Cassis, sp. nov.
1. ASI broad, wider than clypeus width in anterior view, only slightly incrassate towards apex (Fig. 6C); labium only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum (Figs 7B, H, 8E), LIV almost as long as LIII (Figs 7B, H, 8E) 2
ASI narrow, subequal to or thinner than width of clypeus in anterior view, distinctly swollen apically (Fig. 6A, B); labium reaching at least posterior margin of prosternum (Figs 7D, E, F, 8A -- D), LIV distinctly longer than LIII (Figs 7D, E, F, 8A-D) 4
2. Head slightly swollen dorsally (see from lateral view) (as on Fig. 7G, H) with transverse depression dorsally delimited; longitudinal depression slightly shorter than eye diameter; vertex 1.9-2.2 x as wide as eye in male and 2.1-2.8 x as wide as eye in female; females mostly reddish (Fig. 2); endosoma without serrate spicules, only with area of small spicules (Fig. 12A); DLP with striations (Fig. 14E) R. frontalis
Head flat (see from lateral view) (Fig. 7B) or sometimes only slightly swollen (Fig. 7H), with transverse depression not delimited; longitudinal depression slightly longer than eye diameter; vertex 3.5-5.1 x as wide as eye in male and 3.3-6.2 x as wide as eye in female; body in both sexes yellow to pale brown, sometimes with reddish tinge; endosoma with two serrate spicules (Figs 12M, 13A); DLP without striations (Fig. 14H, I) 3
3. Hemelytron leathery, not transparent, head and pronotum with dark brown to black markings and stripes (Fig. 3); left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 13C); endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 13A) R. minuta
Hemelytron semitransparent, not leathery, head and pronotum mostly uniformly coloured, without any dark brown to black markings or stripes (Fig. 3); endosoma with two asymmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12M) R. kennedyi
4. Frons only slightly swollen dorsally, not protruding behind AF (Fig. 5C); distance between AF very short, shorter than AF length (Fig. 5C); calli almost flat (Fig. 7E); in fresh specimens colouration mostly greenish, cuneus, apices of AI and femora reddish (Fig. 2), in old and badly preserved specimens colouration mostly yellow to pale brown R. decorata
Frons at least slightly protruding behind AF (Fig. 5B, D, F), sometimes barely protruding (Fig. 5A); distance between AF distinctly longer than AF length (Fig. 5A,B,D,F); calli swollen(Fig. 7A,C,D,F); colouration yellow to dark brown or black, but never greenish 5
5. Calli distinctly protruding, cone-shaped (Fig. 7F); collar almost flat (Fig. 7F); corium with red transverse stripe medially and posteriorly (Fig. 3) R. rubranigra
Calli slightlyor distinctly swollen, but never cone-shaped (Fig. 7A,C,D); collar swollen (Fig. 7A, C, D); corium sometimes mostly reddish, but never with red transverse stripes 6
6. LIV shorter than clypeus height laterally (Fig. 8D); AI width almost subequal to clypeus width (Fig. 6B); endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12E) R. gearyi
LIV as long as or longer than clypeus height laterally (Fig. 8A-C); AI width often thinner than or rarely subequal to clypeus width anteriorly (Fig. 6A or as in Fig. 6B); endosoma with single serrate spicule (Fig. 11A), or with fields of small spicules (Figs 11I, 12I, 13E), or without any sclerotisation (Fig. 11E) 7
7. Hemelytron leathery, not transparent, mostly yellowish, reddish or brownish (Fig. 2), never dark brown to black with whitish markings; LIV distinctly longer than clypeus height from lateral view; endosoma with single serrate spicule (Fig. 11A); DLP without serration between sclerotised bands (Fig. 14A) R. acaciae
Hemelytron semitransparent at least in middle part, often not leathery, sometimes not transparent, but in the latter case colouration braconid-mimicking, dark brown to black with whitish markings (Fig. 2 albaornata, basifer; Fig. 3 grandiocula; Fig. 4); LIV as long as, slightly shorter or longer than clypeus height from lateral view; endosoma without serrate spicules, only with areas of small spicules or without any sclerotisation (Figs 11E, I, 12I, 13E); DLP with striation between sclerotised bands (Fig. 14B, D, G, J) 8
8. Frons slightly protruding behind AF (Fig. 5A); left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 11G) R. albaornata
Frons distinctly protruding behind AF (Fig. 5F, as in Fig. 5B); left paramere widened apically (Figs 11K, 12K, 13G) 9
9. Hemelytron mostly yellow to pale brown, corium with indistinct whitish marking anteriorly, cuneus bright red (Fig. 3) R. queenslandica
Hemelytron often brown or dark brown to black, rarely pale brown, with whitish or pinkish marking on anterior part of corium often distinct, rarely indistinct; colouration of cuneus varying from pale brown to dark brown, sometimes with reddish tinge or red, but in the latter case corium dark brown to black (Fig.2 - R.basifer, Fig.3 - R. grandiocula) 10
10. Femora shorter than pronotum length; vertex width in males ~1.5 x as wide as eye and eye diameter almost twice as long as shortest distance between AF (Fig. 5F); pronotum orange with large triangular dark brown to black marking medially, covering anterior and posterior parts of pronotum (Fig. 3); AI distinctly shorter than head and pronotum combined; spermathecal gland in DLP attached distally relatively to lateral oviducts (Fig. 14G) R. grandiocula
Femora longer than pronotum length; vertex width in male usually more than 1.5 x as wide as eye, sometimes this ratio close to 1.5, but eye diameter distinctly less than twice as long as shortest distance between AF; colouration of pronotum variable, sometimes pronotum orange with triangular marking, but covering only posterior part of pronotum (Figs 2,4); AI often subequal to or longer than, sometimes shorter than head and pronotum combined; spermathecal gland in DLP attached almost between lateral oviducts (Fig. 14D) R. basifer
Figs 1,2,5D,H,6D,7A, G,8A,9A,D,F-J, 10B, 11A-D, 14A, H, 15
Holotype. Australia: SA: 17 km E of Nepabunna, Gammon Ranges National Park (30.57312°S 139.1273°E), 480m, 07.xi.1998, Acacia rivalis J. Black (Fabaceae), det: Royal Bot Gard. NSW NSW427671, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI_00038956) (SAMA).
Paratypes. 156♂ and 162♀ (Tabls S5).
Characterised by leathery hemelytron, mostly pale brown, brownish or reddish body, not transparent (Fig. 2); corium and clavus without whitish or pinkish markings anteriorly (Fig. 2); AI distinctly longer than head and pronotum combined, subequal to or thinner than clypeus anteriorly, distinctly swollen apically (as on Fig. 6A); head only slightly swollen dorsally (Fig. 7G); frons distinctly protruding (Fig. 5D); labium surpassing posterior margin of prosternum, sometimes almost reaching middle of mesosternum (Fig. 8A); LIV distinctly longer than clypeus height laterally; calli distinctly swollen (Figs 5D, 7A); fore and middle femora swollen apically; left paramere distinctly widened apically (Fig. 11C); endosoma with single large serrate spicule and fields of small spicules (Fig. 11A).
Total length 7.2 -- 7.8.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Dorsal surface mostly yellow to pale brown, sometimes with reddish tinge, often with brown to dark brown marking along AF, rarely entire anterior part brown or dorsal surface with brown marking between or behind eyes. Anterior surface whitish yellow to yellow, sometimes frons and clypeus pale brown or reddish, frontoclypeal suture and clypeus apically often brown or reddish brown, rarely anterior surface uniformly brown; head laterally mostly whitish yellow to pale brown, often with brown or reddish brown stripe behind eye; Mx often brown or reddish brown, sometimes whitish yellow to pale brown; Md whitish yellow to pale brown, sometimes reddish or brown; Bu often whitish yellow to pale brown, rarely brownish; ventral surface whitish yellow to yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge, rarely pale brown. Eye brown to black. Labium. Yellow to pale brown with brownish apex, sometimes LIV dark brown, yellow basally. Antenna. Mostly reddish brown to dark brown;AI often with reddish inner and dorsal surfaces; AII -- IV sometimes pale brown or reddish; AII yellow at base and rarely at apex. Pronotum. Yellow to pale brown, rarely brownish, sometimes with reddish tinge, with whitish longitudinal stripe medially, calli rarely brownish. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Yellow or orange, sometimes with reddish tinge, often with whitish yellow longitudinal stripe, sometimes only apex of scutellum whitish yellow. Pleura. Whitish yellow, yellow, orange or reddish, often with brownish marking near middle coxa. Hemelytron. Colouration variable, often yellow or pale brown with reddish or brown markings; often inner part of clavus, majority of corium and cuneus yellow to pale brown, lateral part of clavus, corium laterally, basally and posteriorly brown to dark brown, border between inner and outer parts of clavus and veins whitish yellow or yellow; sometimes clavus, corium and embolium almost uniformly yellow, pale brown, reddish brown or brown; membrane pale brown to brown with cell yellow, pale brown or reddish. Legs. Coxae whitish yellow, sometimes with brownish markings; femora whitish yellow to yellow, reddish or brown to dark brown apically, rarely with pale brown markings basally and medially; tibiae yellow to pale brown, often dark brown basally and reddish apically, sometimes uniformly brown; tarsi dark brown. Abdomen. Mostly whitish yellow, yellow or pale brown, sometimes with pregenital segments greenish, or with reddish tinge, or with reddish dorsal surface, rarely with brownish markings on genital segment or on pregenital segments dorsally.
Surface and vestiture. Head, pronotum and scutellum smooth and shiny; hemelytron leathery and rugose, not transparent, shiny. Dorsum and pleura with very rare short simple setae distinctly shorter than AII width; AI with rare setae shorter than AII width; AII-IV with setae of two types, short and adpressed, shorter than AII width, and long, spine-like, mostly as long as or longer than AII width. Femora with short and rare setae, mostly shorter than AII width; tibiae with adpressed spine-like setae, mostly as long as AII width, those setae adpressed close to apex of segment. Abdomen clothed with setae of different length, mostly absent basally and denser apically.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.8-5.1 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons distinctly protruding (Fig. 5D); head only slightly swollen or flat dorsally (Fig. 7 G); distance from eye to pronotum slightly shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 5D); vertex 1.8-2.4 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression on vertex as long as or slightly longer than eye diameter; transverse depression on dorsal surface almost indistinct; distance between AF longer than AF width (Fig. 5D); base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (Fig. 6D); Bu almost as long as distance from Buto pronotum (Fig. 8A); ventral surface of head slightly swollen (Fig. 8A). Labium (Fig. 8A). Distinctly surpassing posterior margin of prosternum, reaching or almost reaching middle of mesosternum; LI almost as long as distance between Bu and pronotum; LII and LIII each almost as long as LI; LIV almost twice as long as LIII. Antenna. AI 1.8-2.2 x as long as head width and 1.4-1.8 x as long as pronotum width, distinctly swollen apically, without tubercule at base (as in Fig. 8G), slightly thinner than clypeus width anteriorly (as in Fig. 6A); AII 1.5 x as long as AI, 2.7-3.7 x as long as head width and 2.1-2.9 x as long as pronotum width; AIII slightly shorter than AII; AIV subequal to half of AIII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.2-1.4 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.3 x as long as head width; collar and calli slightly swollen (Fig. 7A); membranal cell with or without small vein posteriorly; all femora more or less swollen apically; hind femur distinctly curved; HTI 2.5 x as long as HTII and 1.5 x as long as HTIII.
Genitalia. Apex of ventral wall of genital capsule oriented to right (Fig. 11D); left paramere widened apically and with medial tumescence (Fig. 11C); endosoma with distinct spicule at base, serrate distally, also with fields of small spicules (Fig. 11A); DS attached at left hand side (Fig. 11A).
Total length 7.7-8.9.
Colouration. Head. Similar to male, but Bu whitish yellow to yellow and Md whitish yellow to yellow, rarely reddish, AI often as in male, sometimes uniformly reddish or yellow with reddish stripe, AIII often as in male, rarely with yellow base. Thorax. As inmale. Abdomen. As in male, ovipositor often brown to dark brown or reddish brown, sometimes yellow to pale brown.
Structure and measurements. As in male. Body 4.5-5.4 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 2.2-2.8 x as wide as eye; AI1.9-2.1 x as long as head width and 1.4-1.8 x as long as pronotum width; AII 3.2-3.8 x as long as head width and 2.2-2.6 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.2-1.4 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.5 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14A). DLP without striation between sclerotised bands, spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix with sclerites around vulva.
This species is named for its association with Acacia species.
Recorded from ACT, NSW, NT, QLD, SA, VIC and WA (Fig. 15). This species appears to be more abundant in coastal zones.
The species was collected mainly from different Acacia species. A few specimens were collected from, Lomandra longifolia Labill. (Aspargaceae), Grevillea arenaria R.Br. (Fabaceae) and Jacksonia scoparia R.Br. ex Sm (Fabaceae), all of which may be sitting records (Table 3).
R. acaciae is not very similar to any other species, although reddish specimens can be confused with R. frontalis in colouration (Fig. 2) and in the head being only slightly swollen dorsally (Fig. 7G, H). However, R. frontalis differs in hemelytron transparent, AI wider than clypeus, not swollen apically (as in Fig. 6C), labium only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum (as in Fig. 8E), LIV distinctly shorter than clypeus height laterally, calli almost flat (as in Figs 5E, 7B), fore and middle femora not swollen apically, and endosoma with area of small spicules (Fig. 12A).
Figs 1, 2, 5A, 7C, 8B, G, 11E-H, 14B, 15
Holotype. Australia: WA: Morawa (29.20312°S 116.01008°E),
12.x.1975, R.P. McMillan, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI_00030410) (WAMP). Paratypes. 5♂ and 8♀ (Table S1).
This species can be recognised by the braconid - mimicking appearance wtih hemelytron mostly whitish with dark brown areas (Fig. 2); vertex 2.7-3.4 x as wide as eye in male and 2.4-3.5 x as wide as eye in female; frons only slightly protruding dorsally (Fig. 5A); AI width subequal to or thinner than clypeus width anteriorly, swollen apically (as in Fig. 6A, B); LIV as long as clypeus height from lateral view; left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 11G); and endosoma without any sclerotisation (Fig. 11E).
Total length 6.6-7.4.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Orange. Eye dark brown to black. Labium. LI-II orange to pale brown; LIII-IV dark brown to black. Antenna. Uniformly dark brown to black. Pronotum. Orange, with dark brown to black collar, sometimes also with longitudinal stripe on posterior part. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Scutellum dark brown to black, often with orange or reddish lateral sides, whitish yellow or yellow apically; mesoscutum orange or reddish, pale brown to brown medially. Pleura. Reddish with small brown markings close to coxae. Hemelytron. Clavus mostly whitish, brownish at sides and apically; corium with anterior half whitish, brown to dark brown at sides, and posterior part mostly brownish with whitish marking around swelling near posterior margin, posterior margin dark brown; embolium dark brown to black, whitish apically; cuneus uniformly brown; membrane and cell brown. Legs. Forecoxa orange, pale brown or brown; middle and hind coxae dark brown to black; femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown to black. Abdomen. Segment II dark brown; segments III - V whitish yellow; segments VI-VIII dark brown to black, whitish yellow posteriorly from dorsal view; genital capsule uniformly dark brown to black.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum mostly smooth and shiny, scutellum slightly rugose; hemelytron semitransparent. Dorsum with very rare pale setae, distinctly shorter than AII width; setae on pleura very short and rare; setae on AI short and rare, almost indistinct; setae on AII-IV distinct, but distinctly shorter than AII width, of two types, pale and adpressed, and dark spine-like, suberect; setae on coxae short and rare; femora and basal parts of tibiae with setae short, pale and indistinct; setae on apical part of tibiae and tarsi dark brown, distinct, suberect or adpressed; abdomen with adpressed dark setae of different length, rare on pregenital segment and denser on genital capsule.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.0-4.5 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons only slightly protruding (Fig. 5A); head swollen dorsally (Fig. 7C); distance from head to pronotum almost as wide as eye (Fig. 5A); vertex 2.7-3.4 as wide as eye; longitudinal depression slightly longer than eye diameter; transverse depression on dorsal surface almost indistinct; base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (as in Fig. 6D); shortest distance between AF slightly longer than AF width; Bu as long as distance from Bu to pronotum (Fig. 8B); ventral surface of head slightly swollen or almost straight (Fig. 8B). Labium (Fig. 8B). Slightly surpassing posterior margin of prosternum, but not reaching middle of mesosternum; LI slightly longer than distance between Bu and pronotum; LII as long as or slightly longer than LI; LIII as long as LII; LIV 1.5 x as long as LIII. Antenna. AI 1.3-1.8 x as long as head width and 0.9-1.3 x as long as pronotum width, without small tubercule basally (Fig. 8G), slightly thinner or almost as wide as clypeus anteriorly (as in Fig. 6A, B); AII ~1.5 x as long as AI, 2.5-3.0 x as long as head width and 1.7-2.1 x as long as pronotum width; AIII slightly shorter than AII; AIV0.4 x as long as AIII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.3-1.6 x as wide as long and 1.4-1.5 x as long as head width; collar and calli slightly swollen (Fig. 7C); fore and middle femora almost not swollen apically, middle femora slightly curved; hind femur distinctly curved and swollen apically; cell with small vein posteriorly (as in Fig. 9F); HTI almost twice as long as HTII and 1.5 x as long as HTIII.
Genitalia. Ventral wall of genital capsule broadly rounded (Fig. 11H); left paramere not widened apically and with medial tumescence (Fig. 11G); endosoma without any sclerotisation (Fig. 11E); DS attached at left hand side (Fig. 11E).
Total length 6.9-7.9.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head and thorax similar to male, but LI and LII orange; scutellum similar to male, but sometimes with orange marking at each lateral side; middle coxa pale brown to dark brown or dark brown to black. Abdomen. Ventrally segments II-V mostly whitish yellow with dark brown stripes, segments IV-VIII mostly dark brown with whitish yellow stripes; segments II, V-VIII dorsally dark brown, whitish posteriorly and laterally; segments III-IV whitish yellow.
Structure and measurements. As in male. Body 4.0-4.4 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 2.4-3.5 x as wide as eye; AI1.6-1.7 x as long as head width and 1.0-1.2 x as long as pronotum width; AII 2.5-2.7 x as long as head width and 1.7-1.9 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.4-1.5 x as wide as long and 1.3-1.6 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14B). DLP with striation between sclerotised bands; spermathecal gland attached proximally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix with sclerites around vulva (Fig. 14L).
The species is named for its contrasting whitish areas on hemelytra. From the Latin 'albus' meaning 'white' and one of the meanings of 'ornatus' being 'apparel, splendid dress'.
Known only from southern WA (Fig. 15).
Specimens were collected from two species of Grevillea (Proteaceae): Grevillea hookeriana apiciloba (F.Muell.) Makinson and G juncifolia Hook. (Table 3).
R. albaornata can be confused with some specimens of R. basifer and R. grandiocula (Figs2,3) with the hemelytron having whitish and dark brown areas and in the structure of the endosoma (Figs 11I, 12I); however, R. basifer and R. grandiocular differ in that the frons is distinctly protruding (as in Fig. 5D, E), hemelytron mostly pale brown to dark brown with whitish or pinkish areas anteriorly (Figs 2-4), and apex of left paramere widened (Figs 11K, 12K). R. grandiocula also differs in vertex 1.2-1.6 x as wide as eye in male and 1.5-1.6 x as wide as eye in female and endosoma with areas of small spicules (Fig. 12I).
Figs 1, 2, 4, 6A, 7D, 8C, 9C, 11I -- L, 14D, 15
Eucerocoris basifer Walker, 1873: 164
Eucerocoris braconoides Walker, 1873: 164
Eucerocoris tumidiceps Horváth, 1902: 610
Rayieria basifer Odhiambo, 1962: 327 (comb. nov.)
Rayieria braconoides Odhiambo, 1962: 328 (comb. nov) new synonymy
Rayieria tumidiceps Odhiambo, 1962: 326 (comb. nov., questionable generic assignment) new synonymy
Holotype of Eucerocoris basifer. Australia: Australia, Collector unknown, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI_00019424) (BMNH).
Holotype of Eucerocoris braconoides. Australia: WA: W. Australia, Collector unknown, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI_00019425) (BMNH).
Holotype of Eucerocoris tumidiceps. Australia: NSW: Whitton [Uitton] (34.51667°S 146.18333°E) 149m, i.1892, Lea, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI_00019132) (HNHM). (For holotype habitus and label images see Fig. 4).
Additional material. 101♂, 120♀, 4 sex unknown, 3 juveniles (Table S1).
This species is recognised by its braconid-mimicking appearance, hemelytron of most species are brown to black with whitish and pinkish markings, sometimes hemelytron pale brown with markings less distinct; colouration of pronotum variable, but never with triangle-shaped dark brown to black marking, covering anterior and posterior parts of pronotum (Fig. 2); frons distinctly protruding (as in Fig. 5D); head distinctly swollen dorsally (Fig. 7D); shortest distance between AF almost as wide as eye (as in Fig. 5D); AI thinner than clypeus from anterior view, swollen apically (Fig. 6A); LIV as long as or slightly shorter than clypeus height from lateral view; left paramere widened apically (Fig. 11K); endosoma without serrate spicules, often with field of small spicules (Fig. 11I); DLP with spermathecal gland attached between lateral oviducts (Fig. 14D).
Total length 6.9--8.7.
Colouration (Figs 2, 4). Variable. Head. Yellow, orange or pale brown, often with reddish tinge; dorsal surface of head often mostly brown to black, yellow or orange posteriorly, sometimes mostly orange with black marking near inner margin of eye and rarely with dark brown longitudinal stripe, rarely dorsal surface uniformly orange; anterior surface often whitish yellow, paler than the rest of head, sometimes yellow to pale brown; frons and clypeus often at least partly dark brown to black, rarely with brown markings; lateral side and Bu yellow, orange or pale brown, rarely whitish yellow, Bu rarely with brownish marking anteriorly; Md and Mx often whitish yellow, sometimes yellow to pale brown; ventral surface of head yellow, orange or pale brown, rarely whitish yellow or brownish; rarely head mostly brown to dark brown, only with posterior part orange or pale brown dorsally. Eye pale brown to dark brown. Labium. Often mostly yellow to pale brown with LIV dark brown to black apically; LIII rarely with brown apex, LIV sometimes brownish with dark brown to black apex; other segments also rarely partly or entirely brownish. Antenna. Mostly brown to black; AI often pale brown to yellow apically and basally, sometimes mostly yellow to pale brown with brownish longitudinal stripes or uniformly yellow to pale brown; AII--IV rarely pale brown. Pronotum. Colouration varying from yellow to dark brown; pronotum often uniformly yellow, orange or pale brown, or with brown to dark brown markings, sometimes with large marking on posterior part; rarely pronotum brown to dark brown with yellow, orange or pale brown anterior part or uniformly dark brown to black. Mesoscutum and scutellum. Often uniformly coloured, colouration varies from yellow or orange to dark brown; rarely mesoscutum somewhat darker than scutellum; sometimes scutellum dark brown to black with yellow apex or longitudinal stripe. Pleura. Colouration varying from uniformly yellow or orange to dark brown to black with whitish yellow or yellow margins and spiracle; sometimes mesopleuron yellow or orange and metapleuron brown. Hemelytron. Often mostly brown to dark brown, but sometimes orange or pale brown, with elongate marking on anterior part of corium whitish yellow or pinkish, sometimes anterior part of clavus also whitish or yellow; tubercules on posterior part of corium sometimes whitish; cuneus often somewhat paler or darker than corium, sometimes pale at base; membrane pale brown to brown, membranal cell reddish brown, pale brown or brown. Legs. Colouration varying from uniformly yellow or orange to dark brown to black. Forecoxa often yellow to orange; middle and hind coxae brown to dark brown, sometimes uniformly yellow to orange or with pale brown markings; sometimes all coxa dark brown to black, yellow apically or uniformly dark brown to black; colouration of femora varying from yellow to dark brown or black with stripes and markings, rarely uniformly coloured; femora often dark brown, whitish basally and apically and with whitish or yellow stripe dorsally; forefemur often somewhat paler than middle and hind femora; colouration of tibiae varying from yellow to dark brown, often yellow to brown with dark brown bases and apices; foretibia often somewhat paler than middle and hind tibiae; rarely tibiae uniformly coloured. Tarsi often uniformly brown or dark brown to black, sometimes segments I and II yellow to pale brown. Abdomen. Pregenital segments ventrally and laterally mostly whitish yellow to yellow, segments II--III and VI -- VIII with dark brown to black markings; colouration of pregenital segments dorsally varying from whitish yellow to dark brown to black, sometimes yellow or pale brown with reddish tinge, often basal segments somewhat paler than apical segments; genital capsule brown to dark brown, often with whitish yellow or yellow marking at each lateral side, rarely mostly yellow or pale brown with brown markings.
Surface and vestiture. Surface shiny, dorsum mostly smooth, clavus sometimes slightly rugose, hemelytron semitransparent. Vestiture variable. Body clothed with pale or dark simple setae, their length varying from very short, distinctly shorter than to longer than AII width; setae denser on pronotum and scutellum than on head and hemelytron; hemelytron often glabrous, only with rare setae, but rarely covered with dense suberect setae; setae on AI -- II varying from very short, shorter than AII width,totwice as long as AII width, mostly suberect; AII sometimes also with adpressed setae; setae on AIII shorter than AII width, suberect, sometimes also adpressed; setae on AIV short and adpressed; setae on pleura and coxae suberect, as long as or slightly longer than AI width, sometimes very scarce; setae on femora and tibiae suberect, varying from shorter than to twice as long as AII width; setae on tarsi short and adpressed; setae on abdomen suberect, rare or dense, of different length.
Structure and measurements. Length of body, size and shape of head variable. Body 4.4 -- 4.9 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons distinctly protruding (as in Fig. 5D), head swollen dorsally (Fig. 7D); distance from eye to pronotum shorter or almost as long as eye diameter (as in Fig. 5D); eyes mostly large, vertex 1.4-2.0 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression dorsally as long as or slightly shorter than eye diameter; transverse depression distinct; base of clypeus placed above inferior margin of AF (Fig. 6A); shortest distance between AF longer than AF width (as in Fig. 5D); Bu as long as or slightly shorter than distance from Bu to pronotum (Figs 7D, 8C); head slightly swollen ventrally (Fig. 8C). Labium (Fig. 8C). Short, reaching posterior margin of prosternum or slightly surpassing it, but not reaching middle of mesosternum; LI subequal to distance between Bu and pronotum; LII as long as or slightly longer than LI; LIII as long as LII; LIV 1.5 x as long as LIII. Antenna. AI 1.7-1.9 x as long as head width and 1.3-1.6 x as long as pronotum width, without tubercule at base (as in Fig. 8G), thinner than clypeus, swollen apically (Fig. 6A); AII ~1.5 x as long as AI, 2.7-3.3 x as long as head width and2.1-2.7 x as long as pronotum width; AIII ~0.7 x as long as AII; AIV slightly longer than half of segment III. Thorax. Pronotum 1.2-1.3 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.4 x as long as head width; collar and calli swollen (Fig. 7D); cell with or without small vein posteriorly; fore- and middle femora not curved, not swollen apically; hind femur slightly curved, sometimes almost straight, only slightly swollen apically; HTI almost twice as long as HTII and slightly longer than HTIII.
Genitalia. Ventral wall of genital capsule with single apex oriented to right (Fig. 11L); left paramere distinctly widened apically and with medial tumescence (Fig. 11K); endosoma often with two almost symmetrical fields of small spicules (Fig. 11I), sometimes fields asymmetrical or endosoma entirely membranous; DS distinctly attached at left hand side (Fig. 11I).
Total length 7.5-9.5.
Colouration (Figs 2, 4). Mostly similar to male, but hemelytron more often paler and having reddish tinge, than in males; abdominal segment V sometimes with brown marking ventrally, ovipositor often brown to dark brown, sometimes yellow to pale brown; ventral surface of abdomen sometimes with reddish tinge.
Structure and measurements. Similar to male, often larger in average and having smaller eyes than in males. Body 4.4-5.2 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 1.9-2.2 x as wide as eye; AI 1.5-2.2 x as long as head width and 1.1-1.8 x as long as pronotum width; AII 2.6-3.6 x as long as head width and 1.9-3.0 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.2-1.4 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.5 x as long as head width.
Genitalia. DLP with fine striation between sclerotised bands, spermathecal gland attached between lateral oviducts (Fig. 14D); ventral labiate plate without sclerites around vulva
This species inhabits all Australian states (Fig. 15).
R. basifer was collected only from species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) (Table 3). The series collected 81 km W of Norsemen in Western Australia, were found on juvenile suckering leaves of an unidentified species of Eucalyptus, which had just emerged after a recent fire event (GC personal observation).
Rayieria braconoides and R. basifer were described by Walker (1873), and R. tumidiceps was described by Horváth (1902), each from a single female specimen. According to the original descriptions, R. basifer and R. braconoides differ mainly in colouration. In particular, R. braconoides has 'head and fore lobe of pronotum red', 'a blackish dot between the eyes', 'antennae black', 'hind lobe of the prothorax red on each side', 'scutellum with a red stripe', 'wings blackish; corium with a red coastal streak near the base' and R. basifer has 'head beneath, prothorax, scutellum, pectus, coxae, and fore wings at base bright red'. Neither structural nor vestiture characters differentiate between these species. Horváth (1902) compared R.tumidiceps with R.braconoides and stated 'Allied to R. braconoides Walk., but differing by the smaller size, the antennae and legs not hirsute, the head unicolourus without a blackish dot between the eyes, the first joint of the antennae white on the inner side, the hind lobe of the pronotum entirely black etc.' The holotypes of R. basifer and R. braconoides are preserved in BMNH and R. tumidiceps is preserved in HNHM. One of us (AN) had the opportunity to examine all these specimens (Fig. 4) and concluded that R. braconoides, R. tumidiceps and R. basifer are conspecific. Although holotypes of R. braconoides and R. tumidiceps differ a little in colouration, vestiture and structure, they are within the range of variability of R. basifer (see description), which is a polymorphic species, and these specimens possess the diagnostic characters and the female genitalia are also conspecific.
R. basifer is similar to R. albaornata and R. grandiocula in colouration with whitish and brown to dark brown areas (Figs 2, 3) and in the structure of the endosoma (Figs 11E, 12I). However, R. albaornata differs in that the hemelytron is mostly whitish with brown to dark brown areas (Fig. 2), frons only slightly protruding (Fig. 5A), and left paramere is not widened apically (Fig. 11G). R. grandiocula can be separated by the short distance between AF, which is half of the length of eye diameter dorsally (Fig. 5F), pronotum orange with dark brown to black triangle-shaped marking, covering anterior and posterior parts of pronotum (Fig. 3); and DLP with spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts (Fig. 14G). Pale specimens can be confused with R. queenslandica, but this species is easily separated by its bright red clavus (Fig. 3).
Figs 1, 2, 5C, G, 6E, 7E, 8H, 11M-P, 14C, 15
Holotype. Australia, WA: 28km S of Menzies (3.5 km E of Hiway) (29.91917°S 121.1514°E) 500m, 25.x.1996, Calytrix angulata Lindl. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099706, Schuh and Cassis, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI_00030551) (WAMP).
Paratypes. 10♂, 29♀, 1 juvenile (Table S1).
The species is recognised by greenish coloration with apices of AI and all femora distinctly swollen, reddish or reddish brown (Fig. 2); frons convex between AF, only slightly protruding (Fig. 5C); the shortest distance between AF shorter than AF width (Fig. 5C); vertex 2.8-3.3 x as wide as eye in male and 2.7-3.6 x as wide as eye in female (Fig. 5C); labium reaching middle of mesosternum (Fig. 7E); LIV longer than clypeus height laterally; anterior part of pronotum and calli almost flat (Fig. 7E); left paramere almost not widened apically (Fig. 11O); DS basally attached at left hand side (Fig. 11M).
Total length 5.1-7.8.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Mostly greenish yellow or yellow; clypeus apically dark brown to black; Md and stripe behind eye laterally often pale brown to dark brown; longitudinal depression and marking near AF dorsally sometimes pale brown. Eye pale brown or reddish brown. Labium. LI--III whitish yellow to yellow, LIII sometimes with greenish tinge, LIV whitish yellow to pale brown with apex dark brown to black. Antenna. AI mostly yellow, reddish or reddish brown apically and with apex dark brown to black, basally yellowish, reddish or dark brown to black; AII yellow to pale brown, brown apically and often basally; AIII-IV yellow to pale brown, sometimes somewhat darkened apically. Pronotum. Greenish yellow, sometimes with posterior angles and posterior margin brownish. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Scutellum often reddish with longitudinal stripe yellow, sometimes uniformly greenish yellow; mesoscutum often uniformly dark brown or reddish medially, sometimes mostly green, brownish laterally. Pleura. Uniformly greenish yellow. Hemelytron. Mostly whitish yellow; clavus pale brown to brown or whitish yellow, often pale brown basally; corium pale brown to brown posteriorly; membrane and cell whitish yellow to pale brown. Legs. Coxae greenish yellow; femora yellow with apices reddish or reddish brown; tibiae yellowish with bases reddish or reddish brown and apices brown to dark brown; tarsi uniformly brown to dark brown. Abdomen. Uniformly greenish yellow.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum smooth and shiny, hemelytron semitransparent. Body clothed with pale setae. Dorsum and pleura clothed with rare suberect setae, shorter than AII width; AI clothed with suberect setae mostly as long as AII width; AII-IV clothed with two types of setae, short adpressed setae, shorter than AII width, and spine-like suberect setae, mostly as long as or slightly longer than AII width; coxae with short rare setae; femora and tibiae with dense spine-like setae mostly as long as or longer than AII width; tibiae apically and tarsi with adpressed setae; abdomen with setae of different length, but mostly as long as or shorter than AII width.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.0-6.2 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons only slightly protruding (Fig. 5C); head distinctly swollen dorsally (Fig. 7E); distance from eye to pronotum 1.5 x as wide as eye (Fig. 5C); vertex 2.8-3.3 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression as wide as eye; transverse depression on dorsal surface of head more or less distinct; distance between AF as long as AF width (Fig. 5 C); base of clypeus placed slightly below inferior margin of AF (Fig. 6E); Bu almost as long as distance from Bu to pronotum (Fig. 7E); head slightly swollen ventrally, sometimes almost flat (Fig. 7E). Labium (Fig. 7E). Reaching or slightly surpassing middle of mesosternum; LI almost as long as distance between Bu and pronotum; LII and LIII each almost as long as LI; LIV 1.5 x as long as LIII. Antenna. AI 1.8-2.2 x as long as head width and 1.1-1.6 x as long as pronotum width, swollen apically, with small tubercule basally (Fig. 8H); almost as wide as clypeus anteriorly (as in Fig. 6B); AII twice as long as AI, 3.3 -- 4.4 x as long as head width and 2.3-3.2 x as long as pronotum width; AIII 0.7 x as long as AII; AIV 0.3 x as long as AIII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.1 -- 1.6 x as wide as long and 1.4-1.5 x as long as head width; collar and calli not swollen, almost flat (Fig. 7E); cell with small vein posteriorly (as in Fig. 9G); all femora swollen apically, straight, only hind femur slightly curved; HTI 2-2.5 x as long as HTII, and 1.5 x as long as HTIII.
Genitalia. Ventral wall of genital capsule with single apex oriented to right (Fig. 11P); left paramere almost not widened apically, without medial tumescence (Fig. 11O); endosoma without any sclerotisation (Fig. 11M); DS attached at left hand side (Fig. 11M).
Total length 5.0-6.2.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Similar to male, AI yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge, sometimes greenish yellow basally or slightly reddish; AIII often yellow, sometimes brownish apically or uniformly brownish. Thorax. Similar to male; pronotum greenish yellow or pale brown, with posterior margin sometimes brownish, rarely with reddish tinge or uniformly yellow; mesoscutum uniformly dark brown, reddish, greenish yellow or yellow, sometimes dark brown, reddish medially, or green, brownish laterally; pleura yellow or greenish yellow; membrane and cell whitish yellow to pale brown, sometimes with greyish tinge. Abdomen. Greenish yellow or yellow, with ovipositor often pale brown, sometimes with reddish tinge.
Structure and measurements. As in male. Body 3.6 -- 4.7 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 2.7-3.6 x as wide as eye; AI 1.4-1.9 x as long as head width and 1.0-1.2 x as long as pronotum width; AII 2.8-3.6 x as long as head width and 1.8-2.5 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.4-1.6 x as wide as long and 1.4-1.7 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14C). DLP without striaton between sclerotised bands; spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix without sclerites around vulva.
The species is named so for its multi-colourous and elegant appearance. The word 'decor' from the Latin means 'comeliness, elegance, grace, beauty, charm, ornament'.
This species inhabits western and southern parts of WA (Fig. 15).
R. decorata was collected from various myrtaceous plants (see Table 3).
R. decorata is similar to R. rubranigra in AI and femora distinctly swollen apically (Fig. 3), but the latter differs in mostly reddish colouration (Fig. 3), apices of AI and femora brown to black (Fig. ), frons moderately protruding (Fig. 5B), the shortest distance between AF longer than width of AF (Fig. 5B), vertex in males 1.7-2.2 x as wide as eye, labium reaching middle of mesosternum (Fig. 7F), calli distinctly swollen, cone-shaped (Fig. 7F), DS attached to phallobase almost medially (Fig. 13I).
Figs 1, 2, 12A-D, 14E, 15
Holotype. Australia: WA: 2 km N of Canegrass [Cane Grass] Swamp (30.11°S 121.1°E) 25.ix.1995, M.S. & BJ. Moulds & K. A. Kopestonsky, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI_00030552) (WAMP).
Paratypes. 6♂ and 4♀ (Table S1).
Can be separated from other species in colouration whitish yellow with reddish tinge in male and reddish in female (Fig. 2); hemelytron semitransparent; AI thick, wider than clypeus from anterior view, not swollen apically (as in Fig. 6C); vertex 1.9-2.2 x as wide as eye in male and 2.1-2.8 x as wide as eye in female; head slightly swollen dorsally (as in Fig. 7H); frons distinctly protruding (as in Fig. 5E); labium only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum (as in Fig. 7B, H); anterior part of pronotum and calli almost flat (as in Fig. 7B); left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 12C); endosoma with field of small spicules close to phallotheca mouth, without serrate spicules (Fig. 12A).
Total length 6.8-7.7.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Dorsal surface whitish yellow to yellow with reddish tinge, frons with reddish and whitish yellow stripes, markings between eyes, longitudinal depression and sometimes marking posteriorly brown to dark brown; head anteriorly whitish yellow to yellow, marking on clypeus and frontoclypeal suture reddish or brown; lateral and ventral surfaces whitish yellow, stripe behind eye reddish or reddish brown, posterior margin sometimes brown, Bu, Md and Mx whitish yellow to yellow. Eye dark brown to black. Labium. Mostly whitish yellow, LIV dark brown apically. Antenna. AI reddish with yellow or brown base; AII reddish to reddish brown; AIII reddish. Pronotum. Whitish yellow with reddish and dark brown markings around calli and at lateral sides anteriorly. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Scutellum yellow or pale brown with whitish yellow or yellow apex and often with brown lateral sides; mesoscutum reddish brown or reddish. Pleura. Whitish yellow to yellow, often with brown margins. Hemelytron. Inner part of clavus brown, sometimes brown basally and reddish apically; outer part of clavus uniformly whitish, less transparent basally; corium whitish and transparent, sometimes with reddish tinge, often with brown marking along inner margin of corium and dark brown laterally; embolium whitish; cuneus reddish; membrane pale brown or brown with reddish cell. Legs. Coxae whitish yellow with orange, pale brown or brown band, sometimes band almost indistinct; femora whitish yellow basally and pale brown apically, with brown marking in apical half and sometimes with reddish or brown marking basally; tibiae pale brown, sometimes reddish basally; tarsi brown to dark brown. Abdomen. Ventrally yellow with greenish tinge, sometimes with reddish marking; genital capsule with brown marking ventrally; dorsal surface brown, sometimes with reddish tinge.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum smooth and shiny, hemelytron semitransparent. Head, hemelytron and pleura with rare setae, mostly shorter than AII width; pronotum and clavus with dense setae, as long as AII width; antenna with suberect setae of two types: dense, shorter than AII width and long and rare, as long as or slightly longer than AII width; setae on AIII and AIV shorter than those on AI and AII; coxae with rare short setae; femora and tibia with erect setae as long as or slightly longer than AII width; tibia apically and tarsi with adpressed setae; abdomen clothed with short suberect setae, denser on genital capsule.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.8-5.2 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons distinctly swollen (as in Fig. 5E); head only slightly swollen dorsally (as in Fig. 7B, H); distance from eye to pronotum almost as long as eye diameter (as in Fig. 5E); vertex 1.9-2.2 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression slightly shorter than eye diameter; transverse depression on dorsal surface distinct; distance between AF longer than AF width (as in Fig. 5E); base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (as in Fig. 6C, F); Bu subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum (as in Fig. 7B, H); ventral side of head at least slightly swollen, sometimes almost flat (as in Fig. 7B, H). Labium (as in Figs 7H, 8E). Only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum, not reaching middle of prosternum; LI subequal to half of distance between Bu and pronotum; LII-IV almost as long as LI. Antenna. AI 1.2-1.5 x as long as head width and 1.0-1.3 x as long as pronotum width, only slightly incrassate towards apex, without tubercule at base (as in Fig. 8G), wider than clypeus anteriorly (as in Fig. 6C); AII 1.5 x as long as AI, 2.9-3.0 x as long as head width and 2.4-2.5 x as long as pronotum width; AIII 0.7 x as long as AII, AIV subequal to half of AIII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.1-1.3 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.3 x as long as head width; collar and calli only slightly swollen, almost flat (as in Fig. 7B); membranal cell with small vein posteriorly; HTI ~1.5 x as long as HTII and HTIII each.
Genitalia. Ventral wall of genital capsule rounded (Fig. 12D); left paramere not widened apically, with medial tumescence (Fig. 12C); endosoma with field of small spicules close to phallotheca mouth (Fig. 12A); DS placed almost medially (Fig. 12A).
Total length 8.7-10.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Mostly as in male, but dorsal surface often reddish, sometimes pale brown, with longitudinal stripe anteriorly and marking near each eye yellow, posterior margin and longitudinal depression brown to dark brown, AII reddish. Pronotum. Yellow, with calli and stripe at sides anteriorly reddish or brownish. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Scutellum yellow, often with reddish tinge, mesoscutum yellow with reddish tinge or reddish. Pleura. Uniformly whitish yellow to yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge. Hemelytron. Mostly reddish, rarely clavus, corium and embolium yellow with reddish tinge; clavus rarely with brownish tinge; membrane pale brown with greyish tinge; cell reddish. Legs. Coxae yellow, often with reddish tinge; femora and tibia yellow with reddish tinge or reddish; tarsal segments I -- II reddish or brown with reddish tinge, segment III brown. Abdomen. Ventral surface yellow, often with reddish tinge, dorsal surface mostly brown with yellow stripes; ovipositor yellow.
Structure and measurements. Similar to male, but body larger and eye smaller. Body 5.2-5.8 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 2.1-2.8 x as wide as eye; AI 1.3-1.7 x as long as head width and 1.0 -- 1.2 x as long as pronotum width; AII 2.9-3.2 x as long as head width and 2.1-2.4 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.1-1.3 x as wide as long and 1.3-1.5 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14E). DLP with striation between sclerotised bands; spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix bearing sclerites around vulva (as in Fig. 14L).
The species is named so for its frons distinctly protruding anteriorly. The 'frontalia' from the Latin means 'an ornament for the forehead'.
Known mostly from southern parts of WA and SA, with a singleton collected in QLD (Fig. 15).
No host has been recorded for this species.
AIV in males are mutilated.
R. frontalis is similar to R. kennedyi and R. minuta in structure of antenna, labium and pronotum, but those species differ in vertex 3.5-5.1 x as wide as eye in male and 3.3-6.2 x as wide as eye in female, female yellow to pale brown, never reddish (Fig. 2), and endosoma with two serrate spicules (Figs 12M, 13A). R. kennedyi also can be separated by left paramere widened apically (Fig. 12O). Female can be confused with R. acaciae in red coloration (Fig. 2) and head only slightly swollen dorsally (Fig. 7G), but this species differs in hemelytron leathery (Fig. 2), not transparent, AI distinctly swollen apically (as in Fig. 6A), labium surpassing posterior margin of prosternum (Fig. 8A), LIV distinctly longer than clypeus height, left paramere distinctly widened apically (Fig. 11C), and endosoma with single serrate spicule (Fig. 11A). Male of R. frontalis are similar to that of R. queenslandica in colouration (Fig. 3), but the latter species differs in AI thinner than clypeus anteriorly, swollen apically (as in Fig. 6A), labium reaching posterior margin of prosternum (as in Fig. 7D), collar and calli distinctly swollen (as in Fig. 7D), and DS basally attached at left hand side (Fig. 13E).
Figs 1, 2, 6B, 8D, 9B, 12E-H, 14F, 15
Holotype. Australia, WA: Cadjeput Rockhole (21.53194°S 119.14916°E), 29.ix.1988, B.P. Hanich et al., 1♂ (AMNH_ PBI_00030391) (WAMP).
Paratypes. 29♂, 21♀, 1 sex unknown, 5 juveniles (Table S1).
This species is recognised by the colouration mostly whitish yellow (Fig. 2); AI as wide as width of clypeus anteriorly, slightly swollen apically (Fig. 6B); vertex 1.9-2.1 x as wide as eye in male and 2.5-3.0 x as wide as eye in female; labium reaching middle or posterior margin of prosternum; LIV distinctly shorter than clypeus height laterally; collar and calli slightly swollen (as in Fig. 7C); left paramere distinctly widened apically (Fig. 12G); endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12E).
Total length 6.5-7.6.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Dorsal surface yellow to pale brown, often with reddish tinge, markings near eye whitish yellow, sometimes indistinct, stripe along AF reddish or brown, longitudinal stripe often brownish, anterior part often with pale brown or reddish stripes; anterior surface whitish yellow to yellow, often with reddish tinge, frons and clypeus sometimes orange, frontoclypeal suture pale brown or reddish; lateral and ventral surfaces whitish yellow to orange, often stripe behind eye reddish or brown, Bu whitish yellow; Md and Mx rarely with reddish tinge. Eye dark brown or reddish brown. Labium. Whitish yellow to pale brown, sometimes with reddish tinge; LIV with apex dark brown to black, sometimes yellow or pale brown only basally. Antenna. AI dark brown, yellow, pale brown or reddish basally, sometimes mostly reddish or brownish ventrally and yellow with reddish tinge dorsally; AII-IV brown, sometimes with reddish tinge, sometimes AII dark brown at least basally. Pronotum. Mostly brownish with reddish tinge anteriorly and with whitish yellow stripes medially and laterally, sometimes pronotum mostly whitish yellow with calli and area around calli orange. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Pale brown to dark brown, scutellum whitish yellow apically, sometimes longitudinal stripe medially also whitish yellow. Pleura. Whitish yellow to yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge. Hemelytron. Whitish or whitish yellow, sometimes with greyish tinge, corium often brownish or reddish posteriorly, membrane greyish or pale brown with whitish cell. Legs. Mostly yellow with reddish tinge, femora apically and tibiae basally brown, reddish brown or reddish; tarsi or, sometimes only tarsal segments III, brownish. Abdomen. Yellow to pale brown with reddish tinge.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum smooth, shiny; clothed with pale setae; dorsum and pleura with rare suberect setae, distinctly shorter than AII width; antennal segments with suberect setae mostly as long as AII width; coxae with rare and short setae; femora with suberect setae, mostly shorter or as long as AII width; tibiae with spine-like setae mostly longer than AII width; tarsi and apices of tibiae with adpressed simple setae. Abdomen with setae of different length, setae longer and denser on genital capsule.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.6-5.3 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons distinctly protruding; head only slightly swollen dorsally, almost flat; vertex 1.9-2.1 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression as long as or longer than eye diameter; transverse depression on dorsal surface indistinct; distance between AF longer than width of AF; base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (Fig. 6B); Bu subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum (Fig. 8D); head at least slightly swollen ventrally, sometimes almost flat (Fig. 8D). Labium (Fig. 8D). Reaching middle or posterior margin of prosternum; LI 0.7 x as long as distance between Bu and pronotum; LII almost as long as LI; LIII slightly shorter than LII, almost as long as wide; LIV slightly longer than LIII. Antenna. AI 1.5-1.9 x as long as head width and 1.2-1.4 x as long as pronotum width, without small tubercule basally (as in Fig. 8G), almost as wide as clypeus anteriorly (Fig. 6B), distinctly swollen apically; AII ~1.5 x as long as AI, 2.9-3.1 x as long as head width and 2.1-2.3 x as long as pronotum width; AIII 0.7 x as long as AII; AIV 0.4-0.5 x as long as AIII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.4-1.7 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.4 x as long as head width; collar and calli swollen (as in Fig. 7C); cell with small vein posteriorly; fore- and middle femora almost straight and almost not swollen apically; hind femur only slightly curved and slightly swollen apically; HTI 2.5 x as long as HTII, and twice as long as HTIII.
Genitalia. Apex of ventral wall of genital capsule oriented to right (Fig. 12H); left paramere widened apically and with medial tumescence (Fig. 12G); endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12E); DS attached at left hand side (Fig. 12E).
Total length 7.6-8.3.
Colouration (Fig. 2). Head. Similar to male, but AI dark brown or reddish, often with base yellow to pale brown, AII-IV rarely uniformly reddish. Thorax. Similar to male, pronotum rarely uniformly whitish yellow, tarsi uniformly brown to dark brown.
Structure and measurements. As in male. Body 4.5-5.1 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 2.5-3.0 x as wide as eye; AI1.7-2.1 x as long as head width and 1.1-1.4 x as long as pronotum width; AII 3.0-3.4 x as long as head width and 2.0-2.3 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.4-1.7 x as wide as long and 1.4 -- 1.5 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14F). DLP without striation between sclerotised bands; spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix with sclerites around vulva (as in Fig. 14L).
This species is named after N. Geary, who collected the oldest series of the species.
This species is known mostly from WA with one series collected in south-west QLD (Fig. 15).
Most specimens were recorded from Acacia ancistrocarpa and Acacia coriacea subsp. pendens (Fabaceae); a single specimen was collected from Eucalyptus pleurocarpa (Myrtaceae) and is likely a sitting record (Table 3).
R. gearyi is similar to R. minuta and R. kennedyi (Fig. 3) in coloration and possesses the same aedeagal structure as R. minuta (Fig. 13A). However, both latter species differ in AI thick, wider than clypeus width, only slightly incrassate towards apex (as in Fig. 6C), labium very short, only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum (Figs 7B, H, 8E), collar and calli almost flat (as in Fig. 7B). R. kennedyi also can be separated by vertex 4.0-5.1 x as wide as eye in male and 3.8-6.2 x as wide as eye in female, endosoma with two asymmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12M), and R. minuta differs in vertex 3.5 x as wide as eye in male and 3.3-3.6 x as wide as eye in female and left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 13C).
Figs 1, 3, 5F, 12I -- L, 14G, 15
Holotype. Australia, VIC:, Benalla (36.551°S 145.979°E), 18.ii.1967,
G.B. Monteith, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI_00201841) (QM). Paratypes. 6♂ and 3♀ (Table S1).
Different from other species by relatively large eyes in male (Figs 3, 5F); vertex 1.2-1.6 x as wide as eye in male and 1.5-1.6 x as wide as eye in female; the shortest distance between AF in males subequal to half of eye diameter dorsally (Fig. 5F); braconid-mimicking appearance with hemelytron mostly dark brown to black with whitish marking, only anterior parts of corium and clavus whitish (Fig. 3); pronotum orange with dark brown to black subtriangular marking, covering anterior and posterior parts of pronotum (Fig. 4); AI swollen apically (as in Fig. 6A); frons distinctly protruding (Fig. 5F); labium reaching posterior part of prosternum; collar and calli swollen (as in Fig. 7D); left paramere distinctly widened apically (Fig. 12K); endosoma without large serrate spicules, only with areas of small spicules (Fig. 12I); DLP with spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts (Fig. 14G).
Total length 7.8-8.7.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Yellow, often with reddish tinge or markings, dorsally with brown longitudinal stripe and dark brown marking near each eye, sometimes with brown marking behind eye laterally, frontoclypeal suture brown, anterior surface sometimes whitish yellow, paler than other surfaces. Eye brown to dark brown. Labium. Yellow with reddish tinge, LIV dark brown apically. Antenna. AI pale brown with brown stripes or uniformly brown to dark brown; AII and AIII brown to dark brown. Pronotum. Yellow to orange with brown marking, narrow anteriorly and widened at posterior part. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Brown to dark brown, scutellum yellowish apically. Pleura. Fore- and mesopleuron orange or reddish, metapleuron whitish yellow, often brownish anteriorly and posteriorly, spiracle whitish yellow. Hemelytron. Clavus pale brown or brown, whitish anteriorly; corium mostly pale brown to brown, whitish or pinkish anteriorly, marking near posterior margin brown; sometimes swelling close to cuneus also whitish; embolium whitish anteriorly and brownish posteriorly or uniformly whitish, brown to dark brown; cuneus orange or pale brown, sometimes brown basally; membrane brown, with cell reddish or reddish brown. Legs. Coxae brown to dark brown, often whitish or reddish basally and apically; forecoxa sometimes uniformly orange; femora brown with yellow stripe dorsally, sometimes mostly yellow, brown only dorsally, forefemur sometimes uniformly yellow or orange; tibiae yellow to pale brown with brownish bases and apices; tarsi brown to dark brown. Abdomen. Whitish yellow ventrally and brownish dorsally.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum shiny, head, pronotum and scutellum smooth, hemelytron semitransparent. Body clothed with pale suberect setae; those setae rare on head, pronotum and hemelytron and dense on scutellum; pleura clothed with suberect setae as long as AII width; antenna clothed with suberect setae, distinctly shorter than AII width; femora and tibiae with suberect setae as long as AII width, tibiae also with adpressed setae apically; tarsi with short adpressed setae; abdomen with pale setae of different length.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.6-4.9 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons distinctly protruding (Fig. 5F); head distinctly swollen dorsally (as in Fig. 7D); distance from eye to pronotum distinctly shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 5F); vertex 1.2-1.6 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression on vertex as long as or slightly shorter than eye diameter; transverse depression distinct; distance between AF subequal to half of eye diameter (Fig. 5F); base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (as in Fig. 6D); Bu subequal to half of distance between Bu and pronotum; head swollen ventrally. Labium (as in Fig. 8C). Surpassing posterior margin of prosternum, but not reaching middle of mesosternum; LI subequal to half of distance between Bu and pronotum; LII as long as or slightly longer than LI; LIII as long as LII; LIV slightly longer than LIII. Antenna. AI 1.3-1.4 x as long as head width and 1.1 x as long as pronotum width, as wide as clypeus, with distinct tubercule basally (as in Fig. 8H); AII twice as long as AI, 2.4-2.6 x as long as head width and 2.0-2.2 x as long as pronotum width; AIII subequal to half of AII length. Thorax. Pronotum 1.2-1.3 x as wide as long and 1.2 x as long as head width; collar and calli swollen (as in Fig. 7D); membranal cell with or without addition cell posteriorly; fore and middle femora not curved and almost not swollen apically; hind femur curvedand distinctly swollen apically; HTI2.5 x as long as HTII, and 1.5 x as long as HTIII.
Genitalia. Ventral wall of genital capsule with apex oriented to right (Fig. 12L); left paramere slightly widened apically and with medial tumescence (Fig. 12K); endosoma with two asymmetrical fields of small spicules (Fig. 12I); DS attached at left hand side (Fig. 12I).
Total length 8.9-9.5.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Similar to male, but AI yellow with brownish stripes, its anterior side yellow. Thorax. Pronotum as in male, but brown marking medially sometimes very pale; scutellum brown to dark brown whitish apically, sometimes with yellow markings medially and basally or with whitish medial longitudinal stripe; metapleuron uniformly yellow or whitish yellow, brownish posteriorly. Hemelytron. Clavus pale brown, whitish anteriorly; corium pale brown, pinkish anteriorly; swelling near posterior margin whitish; posterior side of corium with brownish marking; embolium whitish; cuneus orange, brownish at base; membrane brownish with reddish cell. Legs. Coxae dark brown; femora yellowish, brown ventrally; tibiae uniformly yellow to pale brown; tarsi brown to dark brown. Abdomen. Ventrally yellow with reddish tinge, dorsally mostly brown to dark brown with yellow stripes.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.5-5.1 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 1.5-1.6 x as wide as eye; AI 1.3 x as long as head width and 1.1 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.2-1.3 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.4 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14G). DLP with thin striation between sclerotised bands, spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix with sclerites around vulva (as in Fig. 14L).
The species is named after its large eyes. From the Latin 'grandis' meaning 'large' and 'oculus' meaning 'eye'.
This species was collected in NSW, VIC and SA, one specimen is known from south of WA (Fig. 15).
No host has been recorded for this species.
AIV is mutilated in all specimens, AII and AIII mutilated in all available females.
R. grandiocula is similar to R. albaornata in colouration alone, and to R. basifer in coloration, salient features and male genitalia (Figs 2, 4). However, R. albaornata can be separated by the clavus almost entirely whitish (Fig. 2), vertex 2.7-3.4 x as wide as eye in male and 2.4-3.5 x as wide as eye in female, frons convex, only slightly protruding (Fig. 5A), left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 11G), endosoma without any sclerotisation (Fig. 11E). R. basifer differs in the shortest distance between AF approximately as wide as eye (as in Fig. 5D), pronotum of variable colouration, but never with dark brown to black subtriangular marking, covering anterior and posterior parts of pronotum (Figs 2,4), spermathecal gland of DLP attached between lateral oviducts (Fig. 14D).
Figs 1, 3, 5E, 6C, F, 7B, H, 8E, F, 10A, 12M-P, 14H, 15
Holotype. Australia, WA: ca. 107.7 km SE of North West Coastal Hiway, on Mardathuna Rd (W of Kennedy Range National Park) (24.66376°S 114.7821°E) 163 m, 01.xi.2004, Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990169, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Tatarnic, Symonds, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI_ 00030553) (WAMP).
Paratypes. 31♂, 27♀, 1 sex unknown, 6 juveniles (Table S1).
Can be recognised by mostly whitish yellow colouration with reddish tinge (Fig. 3); head without dark brown to black markings (Fig. 3); hemelytron semitransparent; AI thick, as wide as clypeus from anterior view, not swollen apically (Fig. 6C); vertex 4.0-5.1 x as wide as eye in male and 3.8-6.2 x as wide as eye in female; frons distinctly protruding (Fig. 5E); labium only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum (Fig. 7B, H); collar and calli almost flat (Fig. 7B); endosoma with two asymmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12M).
Total length 5.4-7.0.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Dorsal surface yellow to brown, sometimes with reddish tinge, often with stripe and markings on frons and behind AF reddish, longitudinal depression sometimes dark brown; anterior surface whitish yellow to pale brown, sometimes reddish, with frontoclypeal suture often reddish to brown, clypeus sometimes with reddish tinge; lateral and ventral surfaces whitish yellow to pale brown, often with stripe behind eye brown or reddish, sometimes lateral and ventral sides mostly reddish; Bu whitish yellow to pale brown; Md often whitish yellow to brown, sometimes with reddish tinge; Mx whitish yellow to pale brown. Eye dark brown to black. Labium. LI III whitish yellow to pale brown, sometimes with reddish tinge; LIV brown to dark brown, often pale brown basally. Antenna. AI yellow to pale brown, often with reddish tinge, often reddish apically or brown basally, sometimes outer or ventral surfaces brown to dark brown, sometimes AI uniformly reddish, reddish brown or brown; AII-IV yellow to pale brown with reddish tinge or reddish. Pronotum. Yellow, greenish yellow, or pale brown to brown, often reddish or brownish anteriorly, rarely brownish posteriorly. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Often pale brown to brown, sometimes with reddish tinge or rarely uniformly reddish; scutellum often with apex and longitudinal stripe yellow, sometimes mesoscutum and scutellum uniformly yellow or reddish. Pleura. Whitish yellow to pale brown, often with greenish or reddish tinge. Hemelytron. Yellow and semitransparent, sometimes with reddish tinge, often posterior parts of clavus and corium and at least outer part of cuneus reddish, sometimes outer part of clavus and anterior part of corium reddish, rarely clavus uniformly reddish; membrane whitish to pale brown, with greyish tinge, cell reddish. Legs. Mostly yellow to pale brown, sometimes with reddish tinge, coxae sometimes with greenish tinge, femora apically reddish, tibiae often apically and basally reddish, tarsi mostly yellow to pale brown, often at least tarsal segment III apically brown. Abdomen. Pregenital segments yellow, sometimes with greenish tinge ventrally, often with reddish markings dorsally, sometimes entire dorsum reddish brown; genital capsule yellow, pale brown to brown or reddish brown dorsally and posteriorly, sometimes uniformly reddish brown.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum smooth and shiny, hemelytron semitransparent; dorsum and pleura with rare setae, shorter than AII width; AI with rare and short suberect setae, shorter than AII width; AII-IV with two types of setae: fine and shorter than AII width and spine-like, longer than AII width; femora with short setae distinctly shorter than AII width; tibiae with spine-like setae as long as or shorter than AII width; tibiae apically and tarsi with adpressed short setae; abdomen with suberect setae of different length.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.5-5.2 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Frons distinctly protruding (Fig. 5E); head slightly swollen dorsally or almost flat (Fig. 7B, H); distance from eye to pronotum subequal to or slightly shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 5E); vertex 4.0-5.1 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression distinctly longer than eye diameter; transverse depression indistinct; distance between AF longer than width of AF (Fig. 5E); base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (Fig. 6C, F); Bu subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum (Fig. 7B, H); ventral surface of head slightly swollen (Fig. 7B, H). Labium (Figs 7B, H, 8E). Only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum; LI subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum; LII-IV almost as long as LI. Antenna. AI 2.0-2.5 x as long as head width and 1.6-1.9 x as long as pronotum width, only slightly incrassate towards apex (Fig. 6C), without small tubercule basally (as in Fig. 8G), distinctly wider than clypeus anteriorly (Fig. 6C); AII 1.5 x as long as AI, 2.9-3.9 x as long as head width and 2.2-3.0 x as long as pronotum width; AIII 0.7 x as long as AII; AIV subequal to half of AIII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.3-1.5 x as wide as long and 1.3-1.4 x as long as head width; collar and calli almost flat (Fig. 7B); cell with or without small vein posteriorly; fore- and middle femora not curved and not swollen apically; hind femur only slightly curved, only slightly swollen apically; HTI1.5 x as long as HTII and HTIII each.
Genitalia. Apex of ventral wall of genital capsule oriented to right (Fig. 12P); left paramere widened apically and with medial tumescence (Fig. 12O); endosoma with two large asymmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12M); DS attached distinctly at left hand side (Fig. 12M).
Total length 6.1-7.8.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Similar to male, AII and AIII sometimes yellow with reddish apex. Thorax. Similar to male. Abdomen. Whitish yellow to pale brown, sometimes with greenish tinge, sometimes segments VII-IX with reddish markings dorsally and ventrally, rarely segment IX uniformly brown to dark brown, sometimes entire dorsum reddish brown; ovipositor pale brown, brown or reddish brown.
Structure and measurements. As in males. Body 4.7-5.0 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 3.8-6.2 x as wide as eye; AI 1.8-2.3 x as long as head width and 1.3-1.6 x as long as pronotum width; AII 3.2-3.7 x as long as head width and 2.2-2.5 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.4 x as wide as long and 1.4-1.5 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14H). Sclerotised bands with fine striation between them; spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix bearing sclerites around vulva (as in Fig. 14L).
The species was named after Kennedy Range National Park, where many specimens were collected.
This species is known from the western part of WA (Fig. 15).
Specimens have been collected from Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma (Fabaceae) and Mirbelia sp. (Papilionaceae) (Table ).
R. kennedyi is similar to R. minuta in coloration, small eye, structure of antenna, labium length and pronotum. However, the former differs in head with dark brown to black markings (Fig. 3), vertex 3.5 x as wide as eye in male and 3.3-3.6 x as wide as eye in female, hemelytron leathery, not transparent, and endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 13A). Males can be confused with those of R. frontalis in colouration, structure of antenna, labium and pronotum, but the latter differs in vertex 2.0-2.2 x as long as width of eye in male, right paramere not widened apically (Fig. 12C), and endosoma without serrate spicules (Fig. 12A). R. kennedyi also can be confused with R. gearyi in coloration (Fig. 2), but the latter can be separated by vertex 1.9-2.1 x as wide as eye in male and 2.5-3.0 x as wide as eye in female, AI subequal to clypeus width from anterior view, distinctly swollen apically (Fig. 6B), collar and calli slightly swollen (as in Fig. 7C), endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12E).
The series collected from Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma slightly differs from those collected from Mirbellia sp. in larger body size. However, we did not find any distinct sets of characters to describe those specimens as representing a separate species.
Figs 1, 3, 13A-D, 14I, 15
Holotype. Australia, WA: Pilbara region, Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd., 1.7 km N of Hamersley Rd. turnoff (22.22566°S 117.96833°E) 08.vi.2004, M. Bulbert, N. Tatarnic and S. Lassau, 1♂, (AMNH_PBI_00030554) (WAMP).
Paratypes. 2♀ (Table S1).
Recognised by mostly whitish yellow colouration (Fig. 3); head with dark brown to black markings; hemelytron leathery, not transparent; AI wider than clypeus, only slightly incrassate towards apex (as in Fig. 6C); labium only slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum (as in Fig. 7B, H); LIV as long as LIII (as in Figs 7H, 8E); collar and calli almost not swollen (as in Fig. 7B); left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 13C); endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 13A).
Total length 5.4.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Dorsal surface whitish yellow with wide brownish stripe medially and reddish marking posteriorly close to eye; from anterior view frons dark brown, rest of anterior surface whitish yellow, clypeus whitish yellow; lateral surface whitish yellow with reddish stripe behind eye; Bu, Md and Mx whitish; ventral surface brownish. Eye pale brown with reddish tinge. Labium. Whitish yellow, LIV apically dark brown to black. Antenna. AI dark brown to black ventrally, and yellow with reddish tinge and brownish markings dorsally; AII and AIII reddish with whitish bases. Pronotum. Whitish with two distinct brown stripes and reddish thin stripe medially. Mesoscutum and scutellum. Brown to dark brown, scutellum with whitish yellow stripe medially. Pleura. Whitish yellow with brown margins. Hemelytron. Mostly whitish with reddish tinge, inner margin of corium behind clavus and posterior margin of corium brownish; membrane brown with cell reddish. Legs. Coxae whitish with small reddish markings; hind coxa with brown markings; femora whitish with reddish marking apically; tibiae whitish yellow to yellow, with dark brown to black marking basally; tarsal segments I--II pale brown, segment III brownish. Abdomen. Pregenital segments whitish yellow ventrally, with reddish tinge and pale brown marking on each segment laterally, dorsal surface of pregenital segment reddish.
Surface and vestiture. Body mostly shiny, head smooth, pronotum slightly rugose, hemelytron not transparent, with small dense shallow punctures. Dorsum clothed with short rare setae, shorter than AII width; AI and AII with long erect setae, in length subequal to half of AII width; AIII with long suberect setae as long as or slightly longer than AII width and with short setae, distinctly shorter than AII width; femora with short rare suberect setae, shorter than AII width; tibia with dense suberect setae, which more adpressed and denser in apical part; tarsi with adpressed thick setae.
Structure and measurements. Body 5.5 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Slightly swollen dorsally, almost flat (as in Fig. 7H); frons distinctly protruding (as in Fig. 5E); distance from eye to pronotum as wide as eye (as in Fig. 5E); vertex 3.5 x as wide as eye, with longitudinal depression distinctly longer than eye diameter; transverse depression indistinct; distance between AF slightly longer than AF width (as in Fig. 5E); base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of eye (as in Fig. 6F); Bu subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum (as in Fig. 7B); head at least slightly swollen ventrally (as in Fig. 7B). Labium (as in Figs 7B, H, 8E). Slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum, not reaching middle of prosternum; LI subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum; LII almost as long as LI; LIII and LIV each slightly shorter than LII. Antenna. AI 1.6 x as long as head width and 1.5 x as long as pronotum width, only slightly incrassate towards apex, without small tubercule basally (as in Fig. 8G), distinctly wider than clypeus anteriorly (as Fig. 6C);AII 1.5 x as long as AI, 3.6 x as long as head width and 3.3 x as long as pronotum width, AIII 0.7 x as long as AII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.2 x as wide as long and 1.1 x as long as head width; collar and calli almost flat (as in Fig. 7B); cell with small vein posteriorly (as in Fig. 9F); fore and middle femora not swollen apically and not curved; hind femur only slightly curved and slightly swollen apically; HTI 1.5 x as long as HTII and subequal to HTIII length.
Genitalia. Apex of ventral wall of genital capsule oriented to right (Fig. 13D); left paramere not widened apically with inflection swollen (Fig. 13C); endosoma with two symmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 13A); DS attached at left hand side (Fig. 13A).
Total length 5.6-6.5.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Dorsal surface whitish yellow with dark brown narrow stripe along longitudinal depression, reddish posteriorly and with reddish stripe along AF; from anterior view frons with reddish and yellow stripes clypeus whitish yellow with reddish markings, frontoclypeal suture brown; lateral surface whitish yellow with reddish stripe behind eye, Bu whitish yellow, Md reddish, Mx whitish, sometimes with reddish tinge; ventral surface whitish yellow with reddish tinge. Eye pale brown with reddish tinge. Labium. As in male. Antenna. As in male. Thorax. Pronotum as in male; scutellum similar to male, but with reddish tinge, and mesoscutum reddish posteriorly; pleura whitish yellow with brownish margins and reddish markings. Hemelytron similar to male, inner margins of clavus and corium whitish or whitish with reddish tinge. Legs. Coxae whitish yellow with brown or reddish markings; femora whitish yellow with brown markings and reddish brown marking apically; tibiae whitish yellow with reddish brown marking basally; tarsi brown, sometimes segments I -- II yellow. Abdomen. Whitish yellow ventrally, segments VII-IX with or without brownish tinge, lateral surface reddish with pale brown marking on each segment; dorsal surface reddish with brown markings on segments VII-IX; ovipositor pale brown to brown.
Surface and vestiture. Similar to male, abdomen with rare short suberect setae, denser on apical segments.
Structure and measurements. As in male. Body 4.9-5.0 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 3.3-3.6 x as wide as eye; AI1.4-1.6 x as long as head width and 1.1-1.2 x as long as pronotum width; AII 3.1-3.7 x as long as head width and 2.6-2.8 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.4-1.6 x as wide as long and 1.2-1.3 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14I). DLP without striation between sclerotised bands, spermathecal gland attached between lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix bearing sclerites around vulva (as in Fig. 14L).
The species is named for its small size. From the Latin the word 'minutus' meaning 'little, small'.
The species is known only from western part of WA (Fig. 15).
No host has been recorded for this species.
AIV is mutilated in male, genital segments were removed before description.
R. minuta is similar to R. kennedyi in whitish yellow colouration, structure of AI and labium, but the latter differs in head without dark brown to black markings, left paramere distinctly widened apically (Fig. 12O), and endosoma with two asymmetrical serrate spicules (Fig. 12M). Also similar to R. gearyi in colouration and spicules of endosoma, however, the latter differs in AI width subequal to clypeus width and distinctly swollen apically (Fig. 6B), LIV longer than LIII (Fig. 8D), collar and calli slightly swollen (as in Fig. 7C), and left paramere distinctly widened apically (Fig. 12G).
Figs 1, 3, 13E-H, 14J, 15
Holotype. Australia, NSW: Grenfell (33.87782°S 148.16494°E) 1918,
W.W. Froggatt, 1♂, (AMNH_PBI_00033910) (ANIC). Paratypes. 4♂, 3♀, 1 sex unknown (Table S1).
Can be recognised by mostly whitish yellow coloration with bright red cuneus (Fig. 3); hemelytron semitransparent; frons distinctly protruding (as in Fig. 5D); AI thinner or as wide as clypeus anteriorly, swollen apically (as in Fig. 6A); labium reaching and slightly surpassing posterior margin of prosternum (as in Fig. 8C); LIV subequal to or shorter than clypeus height laterally; collar and calli distinctly swollen (as in Fig. 7D); left paramere slightly widened apically (Fig. 13 G); apex of ventral wall of genital capsule oriented to right (Fig. 13H); and spermathecal gland on DLP placed distally to lateral oviducts (Fig. 14J).
Total length 7.1-7.9.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Dorsal surface dark brown medially, posterior margin of dorsal surface, lateral and ventral surfaces yellow, marking along AF reddish; anterior surface whitish yellow with reddish marking on clypeus, frontoclypeal suture pale brown, frons with brown stripes; Bu and Mx whitish yellow, Md with reddish tinge. Eye dark brown to black. Labium. LI III whitish yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge; LIV whitish yellow basally and dark brown apically. Antenna. AI dark brown, reddish dorsally; AII dark brown or reddish brown. Pronotum. Brown to dark brown medially and yellow with reddish tinge laterally, also with brown marking at each lateral side anteriorly. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Mesoscutum reddish brown, with dark brown marking medially, scutellum reddish brown with yellow apex. Pleura. Whitish yellow to yellow, with or without brownish markings. Hemelytron. Inner part of clavus brownish basally and reddish apically, outer part of clavus whitish yellow; corium mostly whitish yellow with reddish and brownish markings along posterior margin; embolium whitish yellow; cuneus reddish; membrane brownish, cell reddish. Legs. Coxae whitish yellow to yellow, with pale brown band each; femora yellow, forefemur with brown marking in apical half, middle and hind femora with longitudinal dark brown stripe anteriorly; tibiae pale brown to dark brown basally; tarsi dark brown. Abdomen. Pregenital segments whitish yellow, with or without greenish tinge ventrally, dorsal surface brownish; genital capsule whitish yellow, with dark brown markings dorsally and ventrally.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum smooth and shiny, hemelytron with shallow small punctures, semitransparent. Dorsum and pleura with very rare setae, distinctly shorter than AII width; AI with dense setae, shorter than AII width; AII with spine-like suberect setae and simple adpressed setae, both distinctly shorter than AII width; coxae with very rare setae; femora with rare suberect setae, shorter than AII width; tibiae with spine-like setae, shorter than AII width; tibiae apically and tarsi with adpressed simple setae; abdomen with setae of different length.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.5-5.3 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Swollen dorsally; frons distinctly protruding (as in Fig. 5D); distance from eye to pronotum slightly shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 5D); vertex 1.7-1.9 x as wide as eye, with longitudinal depression shorter than eye diameter; transverse depression on dorsal surface distinct; head almost straight ventrally; distance between AF distinctly longer than length of AF (as in Fig. 5D); base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (as in Fig. 6D); Bu 0.7 x as long as distance from Bu to pronotum (as in Fig. 8C). Labium (as in Fig. 8 C). Almost reaching posterior margin of prosternum, but not surpassing it; LI 0.7 x as long as distance from Bu to pronotum; LII slightly shorter than LI, LIII 1.5 x as long as LII; LIV 1.5 x as long as LIII. Antenna. AI 1.6-1.8 x as long as head width and 1.3-1.5 x as long as pronotum width, swollen apically, without tubercule at base (as in Fig. 8G), thinner than clypeus anteriorly (as in Fig. 6A); AII 1.5 x as long as AI, 3.3-3.7 x as long as head width and 2.6 -- 2.7 x as long as pronotum width; AIII 0.7 x as long as AII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.1-1.4 x as wide as long and 1.1-1.4 x as long as head width; calli and collar swollen (as in Fig. 7D); cell with small vein posteriorly; fore- and middle femora almost not swollen apically and not curved; hind femora slightly curved and slightly swollen apically; HTI almost twice as long as HTII and slightly longer than HTIII.
Genitalia. Apex of ventral wall of genital capsule oriented to right (Fig. 13H); left paramere widened apically and with medial tumescence (Fig. 13 G); endosoma with large asymmetrical fields of small spicules (Fig. 13E); DS attached at left hand side (Fig. 13E).
Total length 8.3.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Similar to male, abdomen mostly whitish yellow, with reddish and brownish stripes and markings, segments V-IX dark brown dorsally.
Structure and measurements. As in male. Body 4.8 x as long as pronotum width; vertex 1.9 x as wide as eye; AI 1.8 x as long as head width and 1.3 x as long as pronotum width; pronotum 1.3 x as wide as long and 1.3 x as long as head width.
Genitalia (Fig. 14J). DLP with fine striation between sclerotised bands, spermathecal gland attached distally to lateral oviducts; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix not bearing sclerites around vulva.
The species is named after Queensland, where most of the specimens were collected.
Recorded from southern QLD and NSW (Fig. 15).
No host has been recorded for this species.
Remarks AIV mutilated.
Males of R. queenslandica are similar to those of R. frontalis in colouration, however, the latter differs in AI thick, wider than clypeus from anterior view, not swollen apically (as in Fig. 6C), labium slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum (as in Fig. 7B, H), collar and calli almost flat (as in Fig. 7B), left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 12C). R. queenslandica can be confused with R. basifer in structure of head and pronotum, but the latter can be recognised in hemelytron pale brown to dark brown with whitish or reddish markings anteriorly (Figs 2,4) and spermathecal gland placed almost between lateral oviducts (Fig. 14D).
Figs 1, 3, 5B, 7F, 13I-L, 15
Holotype. Australia, WA: near Mitchell Plateau Airfield (14.48°S 125.49°E) 15.v. 1983, light trap, I.D. Naumann & J.C. Cardale, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI_00034074) (ANIC).
Paratypes. 3♂ (Table S1).
Can be recognised by two reddish transverse stripes on hemelytron (Fig. 3); apices of AI and femora distinctly swollen and dark brown to black (Fig. 3); AI width subequal to clypeus width from anterior view (as in Fig. 6B); vertex in male 1.7-2.2 as wide as eye; shortest distance between AF longer than width of AF (Fig. 5B); frons distinctly protruding (Fig. 5B); labium reaching posterior margin of prosternum (Fig. 7F); collar almost flat (Fig. 7F); calli distinctly swollen, cone-shaped (Fig. 7F); left paramere not widened apically (Fig. 13); endosoma with fields of small spicules (Fig. 13K).
Total length 5.6-6.9.
Colouration (Fig. 3). Head. Dorsal surface yellow or reddish posteriorly and dark brown anteriorly, sometimes uniformly reddish; anterior surface whitish, often frons dark brown and clypeus reddish; lateral surface whitish yellow often with reddish tinge, stripe behind eye brown or reddish brown, Bu whitish yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge, Md whitish yellow with reddish tinge, Mx brown or reddish brown; ventral surface whitish yellow, often with reddish tinge. Eye whitish, reddish or dark brown. Labium. Whitish yellow to yellow, LIV dark brown to black apically. Antenna. Mostly whitish yellow to yellow, AI reddish brown apically and reddish or reddish brown basally, often with additional reddish band medially; AII often with two reddish or reddish brown bands; AIII brown or reddish brown basally. Pronotum. Whitish yellow, with brownish markings at each lateral side anteriorly, often also with two reddish stripes. Scutellum and mesoscutum. Whitish yellow with reddish stripe medially, mesoscutum reddish, sometimes scutellum and mesoscutum uniformly whitish yellow. Pleura. Whitish yellow to yellow with reddish tinge. Hemelytron. Clavus whitish yellow, brown or reddish brown basally, sometimes outer part of clavus uniformly reddish; corium whitish yellow with base and posterior margin dark brown, often also with reddish transverse stripe; embolium whitish yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge apically; cuneus whitish yellow, often reddish basally and apically; membrane pale brown with greyish tinge, cell reddish or whitish. Legs. Coxae whitish yellow with reddish or brown band each; femora whitish yellow with brown or reddish apices, with additional reddish or brown band in apical part; tibiae mostly whitish yellow, reddish or reddish brown basally; tarsi whitish yellow, with segment III brown, sometimes segment II also brown. Abdomen. Uniformly yellow or yellow with reddish tinge.
Surface and vestiture. Dorsum smooth and shiny; hemelytron semitransparent or not transparent. Dorsum and pleura with setae rare and shorter than AII width; antennal segments with suberect setae, shorter than AII width and spine-like setae as long as AII width; coxae with rare setae, shorter than AII width; femora and tibiae with setae mostly shorter than AII width, sometimes slightly longer than AII width; tibiae apically and tarsi with short adpressed setae; abdomen with setae of different length, longer and denser on genital capsule.
Structure and measurements. Body 4.3-5.4 x as long as pronotum width. Head. Swollen dorsally (Fig. 7F); frons distinctly swollen (Fig. 5B); distance from eye to pronotum slightly shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 5B); vertex 1.7-2.2 x as wide as eye; longitudinal depression as long as or longer than eye diameter; transverse depression distinct; distance between AF longer than AF width (Fig. 5B); base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of AF (as in Fig. 6D); Bu subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum (Fig. 7F); head slightly swollen ventrally, sometimes almost flat (Fig. 7F). Labium (Fig. 7F). Distinctly surpassing prosternum, but not reaching middle of mesosternum; LI subequal to half of distance from Bu to pronotum; LII and LIII slightly longer than LI; LIV almost twice as long as LIII. Antenna. AI 1.8-1.9 x as long as head width and 1.6-1.8 x as long as pronotum width, swollen apically, without tubercule at base (as in Fig. 8G), as wide as clypeus anteriorly (as in Fig. 6B); AII 1.5 x as long as AI, 3.3-3.7 x as long as head width and 2.9-3.2 x as long as pronotum width; AIII 0.7 x as long as AII. Thorax. Pronotum 1.0-1.6 x as wide as long and 1.1-1.2 x as long as head width; collar and calli swollen, calli conical (Fig. 7F); all femora swollen apically, fore-and middle femora not curved, hind femur curved; cell with small vein posteriorly (as in Fig. 9F); HTI 2-2.5 x as long as HTII and 1.5 x as long as HTIII.
Genitalia. Apex of ventral wall of genital capsule oriented to right (Fig. 13L); left paramere not widened apically and with medial tumescence almost indistinct (Fig. 13K); endosoma with two symmetrical fields of small spicules close to secondary gonopore and with another field of elongated spicules close to phallotheca mouth (Fig. 13I); DS placed almost medially (Fig. 13I).
Unknown.
The species was named for its black and red colouration. From the 'Latin' 'ruber' meaning 'red' and 'niger' meaning 'black'.
This species is known from southern coast of WA and NT (Fig. 15).
No host has been recorded for this species.
Remarks AIV mutilated.
R. rubranigra is similar to R. decorata in AI and femora distinctly swollen apically, but the latter differs in mostly greenish colouration, without reddish stripes on hemelytron, AI and femora apically reddish (Fig. 2), vertex in male 2.8-3.3 x as wide as eye; distance between AF shorter than AF width (Fig. 5A), frons convex, almost not protruding (Fig. 5A), labium reaching middle of mesosternum (Fig. 7E), calli almost flat (Fig. 7E), and endosoma entirely membranous (Fig. 11M).
We thank the following museum curators and collection managers for loaning material: Dave Britton (AM); Randall Schuh (AMNH); Tom Weir and Beth Mantle (ANIC); Shep Myers (BPBM); Ken Walker (MVMA); David Redei and András Orosz (HNHM); Michael Braby (NTM); Christine Lambkin (QM); Peter Hudson (SAMA); Katrina Menard and Ed Riley (TAMU); and Terry Houston (WAMP). Special thanks are given to Mick Webb (BMNH) for the opportunity to examine critical types and for use of facilities within his institution. We also thank Laurence Livermore and Vladimir Blagoderov (BMNH) for assistance with imaging of the specimens in the Sackler Biodiversity Imaging Laboratory. We are indebted to Fedor Konstantinov (St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia) who also helped us with specimens. We thank Randall Schuh (AMNH) and Thomas Henry (USDA, USNM) for access to material and encouragement. We are also grateful to all people in the Cassis Laboratory (UNSW) for assistance, especially Celia Symonds for help regarding databasing and mapping the material. The first author (AN) was supported by a UNSW International PhD scholarship. This work was supported initially by a grant to GC by the Australian Biological Resources Study.
P = polymorphism, ? = missing character
Fig. 1. Cladograms. (A) The single cladogram obtained after tradition search, which also fits with the cladogram obtained after implied weight search with k = 3. The numbers in circles are node numbers. (B) Bremer supports (above the nodes) and Bootstrap supports (below the nodes).
Fig. 2. Habitus photographs of Rayieria acaciae ♂ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00201900), ♀ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00201904); R. albaornata ♂ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00019292). ♀ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00019148); R. basifer ♂ non-type (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00019171, AMNH%5FPBI%5F00201845), ♀ non-type (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00019192, AMNH%5FPBI%5F00017878); R. decorata ♂ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00030399). ♀ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00019372); R. frontalis ♂ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00019380). ♀ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00034070); and F. gearyi ♂ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00019380). ♀ PT (AMNH%5FPBI%5F00034070). Scale bar equals 1mm.
Fig. 3. Habitus photographs of Rayieria grandiocula ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019254). ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019254); R. kennedyi ♂ HT (AMNH_PBI_00030553). ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019408); R. minuta ♂ HT (AMNH_PBI_00030554). ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00030496); R. queenslandica ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019382). ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020182); and R. rubranigra ♂ HT (AMNH_PBI_00034074). Scale bar equals 1 mm.
Fig. 4. Habitus photographs of types of Eucerocoris basifer ♀ HT (AMNH_PBI_00019424), E. braconoides ♀ HT (AMNH_PBI_00019425); and E. tumidiceps ♀ HT (AMNH_PBI_00019132).
Fig. 5. SEM images. Head and pronotum dorsally. (A) Rayieria albaornata ♀ PT(AMNH_PBI_00030556). (B) R. rubranigra ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020194). (C) R. decorata ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020198). (D) R. acaciae ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020186). (E) R. kennedyi ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00030553). Head dorsally. (F) R. grandiocula ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019254). Pleura. (G) R . decorata ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020198). Genital capsule. (H) R. acaciae ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020199).
Fig. 6. SEM images. Head and antennae anteriorly. (A) Rayieria basifer ♀ non-type (AMNH_PBI_00046016). (B) R. gearyi ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019319). (C)R.kennedyi ♂ PT(AMNH_PBI_00030525). Head anteriorly.(D)R.acaciae ♂ PT(AMNH_PBI_00020199). (E)R.decorata ♀ PT(AMNH_PBI_00020198). (F) R. kennedyi ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00030525).
Fig. 7. SEM images. Head and pronotum laterally. (A) Rayieria acaciae ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00030487). (B) R. kennedyi ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00030525). (C) R. albaornata ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019298). (D) R. basifer ♀ non-type (AMNH_PBI_00046018). (E) R. decorata ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020198). (F) R. rubranigra ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020194). Head laterally. (G) R. acaciae ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020199). (H) R. kennedyi ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020178).
Fig. 8. SEM images. Labium. (A) Rayeria acaciae ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020199). (B) R. albaornata ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019148). (C) R. basifer ♂ non-type (AMNH_PBI_00046014). (D) R. gearyi ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019358). (E) R. kennedyi ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020195). Tarsus. (F) R. kennedyi ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00030525). Base of antennal segment I. (G) R. albaornata ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020198). (H) R. decorata ♂ non-type (AMNH_PBI_00005840).
Fig. 9. SEM (A) Rayieria acaciae, clavus ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00201905). (B) R. gearyi, clavus ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019395). (C) R. basifer, metepimeron ♀ non-type (AMNH_PBI_00019208). (D) R. acaciae, inner margin of corium behind clavus ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00400380). (E) Ragwelellus vittatus, inner margin of corium behind clavus. (F) R. acaciae, apical part of membranal cell ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019283). (G) R. acaciae, membranal cell ♀ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019283). (H) R. acaciae, scutellum ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00019342). (I) R. acaciae, forecoxae ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020193). (J) R. acaciae, metepisternum ♂ PT (AMNH_PBI_00020193).
Fig. 10. Pretarsus dorsally. (A) Rayieria kennedyi. (B) R. acaciae. (C) Arthriticus eugeniae. (D) Helopeltis sp. (Vietnam). (E) Ragwelellus vittatus. (F) Monalonion sp. (G) Physophoropterella bondroiti. (H) Physophoroptera mirabilis. Pretarsus ventrally.
Fig. 11. Malegenitalia.(A-D) R.acaciae PT (AMNH_PBI_00034046).(E-H) R.albaornata: aedeagus,genital capsule and right paramere of HT (AMNH_PBI_00030410), left paramere of PT (AMNH_PBI_00030558). (I-L) R.basifer (AMNH_PBI_00019204). (M-P)R.decorata: aedeagus of PT(AMNH_PBI_00030399),genital capsule and parameres of PT(AMNH_PBI_00030394). The small scaleisfor genital capsule,the large scale is for aedeagi and parameres.
Fig. 12. Male genitalia.(A-D) Rayieria frontalis PT(AMNH_PBI_00030408).(E-H)R.gearyi aedeagus of PT (AMNH_PBI_00030516), genital capsule and parameres of PT (AMNH_PBI_00034144). (I-L) R. grandiocula PT (AMNH_PBI_00034056). (M-P) R. kennedyi aedeagus of PT (AMNH_PBI_00019562), parameres of PT (AMNH_PBI_00019565), genital capsule of PT(AMNH_PBI_00020208). The small scaleis for genital capsule, the large scale is for aedeagi and parameres.
Fig. 13. Male genitalia. (A-D) R. minuta HT (AMNH_PBI_00030554). (E-H) R. queenslandica PT (AMNH_PBI_00019382). (I-L) R. rubranigra HT (AMNH_PBI_00034074). The small scale is for genital capsule, the large scale is for aedeagi and parameres.
Fig. 14. Dorsal labiate plate. (A) R. acaciae PT (AMNH_PBI_00034044). (B) R. albaornata PT (AMNH_PBI_00030411). (C) R. decorata PT (AMNH_PBI_00019377). (D) R. basifer PT (AMNH_PBI_00034181). (E) R. frontalis PT (AMNH_PBI_00030406). (F) R. gearyi PT (AMNH_PBI_00030392). (G) R. grandiocula PT (AMNH_PBI_00019255). (H) R. kennedyi PT (AMNH_PBI_00019144). (I) R. minuta (AMNH_PBI_00030496). (J) R. queenslandica (AMNH_PBI_00020182). Posterior wall of bursa copulatrix. (K) R. acaciae PT (AMNH_PBI_00034044). Vulva. (L) R. albaornata non-type (AMNH_PBI_00005273).
Fig. 15. Distributional maps of Rayieria species.
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Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory: 65 Sprent Street, Narrabundah, 35.3366°S 149.14399°E, 07 Apr 1964, F. Grossbechler, Acacia rubida (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033954), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033955) (ANIC). Belconnen, 35.23675°S 149.06721°E, 24 Mar 1982 -- 28 Mar 1982, S. Neser, Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033962), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033963) (ANIC); 20 Jun 1982, S. Neser, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033992) Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00033990), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033991),♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033993) (ANIC). Black Mountain, 35.26387°S 149.10051°E, 27 Jan 1987, D. C. F. Rentz, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033986) (ANIC). Burrunjuck Cres. Duffy, 35.33333°S 149.03333°E, 17 Feb 1999, M.J. Dudzinski, Acacia rubida (Fabaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034065, AMNH_PBI 00034067), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034066) (ANIC). Canberra, 35.2833°S 149.2167°E, 605 m, Apr 1973, Carvalho, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038915-AMNH_PBI 00038918), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00038919-AMNH_PBI 00038921), 3juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00029082-AMNH_PBI 00029084) (SAMA); 03 Jan 1975, T. Bellas, 8♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033957, AMNH_PBI 00033964, AMNH_PBI 00034047-AMNH_PBI 00034049, AMNH_PBI 00034051-AMNH_PBI 00034053), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033957, AMNH_PBI 00033965, AMNH_PBI 00034050, AMNH_PBI 00034054), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00033958) (ANIC); Nov 1981, S. Neser, Acacia pravissima (Fabaceae), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00034027), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034028, AMNH_PBI 00034029) (ANIC); 16 Nov 1981, S. Neser, Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033971-AMNH_PBI 00033974, AMNH_PBI 00033916-AMNH_PBI 00033920, AMNH_PBI 00033922, AMNH_PBI 00033921), 17♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033975-AMNH_PBI 00033981, AMNH_PBI 00033915, AMNH_PBI 00033923-AMNH_PBI 00033930, AMNH_PBI 00034061) (ANIC); Dec 1984, T.Bellas and M. Carver, Acacia mearnsii De Wild. [introduced] (Fabaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034176, AMNH_PBI 00034177),♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034141) (ANIC). Canberra (Farrer), 35.22°S 151.59°E, 06 Jan 1986, D. C. F. Rentz, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034178) (ANIC). Deakin, 35.31416°S 149.10777°E, 586 m, 28 Dec 1970, E. Britton, 9♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033959, AMNH_PBI 00033966, AMNH_PBI 00033967, AMNH_PBI 00034031-AMNH_PBI 00034036), 10♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033960, AMNH_PBI 00033968, AMNH_PBI 00034039-AMNH_PBI 00034046), 2sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00034037, AMNH_PBI 00034038) (ANIC). Lyneham, 35.25031°S 149.1242°E, 03 Mar 1967, A.G. Wilson, Acacia rubida (Fabaceae), 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033947-AMNH_PBI 00033949, AMNH_PBI 00033969, AMNH_PBI 00033970) (ANIC). Narrabundah, 35.33186°S 149.15304°E, 15 Apr 1964, F. Grossbechler, Acacia rubida (Fabaceae), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033950-AMNH_PBI 00033953), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033953, AMNH_PBI 00033913) (ANIC). North end Majura Av., Ainslie, 35.25033°S 149.15547°E, 28 Mar 1967, W. Martin, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033956, AMNH_PBI 00033914) (ANIC). New South Wales: 2.7 km NE of Queanbeyan, 35.34117°S 149.26555°E, 670 m, 05 Jan 1975, I. F. B. Common, Acacia rubida (Fabaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033945, AMNH_PBI 00033946), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033961) (ANIC). Armidale, 30.5152°S 151.6651°E, 979 m, 20 Jan 1962, C. W. Frazier,♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033985) (ANIC). Ashfield, 33.8991°S 151.1246°E, 28 Jan 1981, D. A. Doolan, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019269) (AM). Braidwood, 35.44221°S 149.79921°E, Jan 1966, J.W.B., ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020186), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019278, AMNH_PBI 00019279) (AM). Brindabella, 35.3675°S 148.6528°E, 23 Mar 1987, D. Horan, Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034175) (ANIC). Goodiman State Conservation Area, plot 4, 32.21663°S 149.37361°E, 582 m, 15 Dec 2007, C. Symonds, Acacia ausfeldii Regel (Fabaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400480) (UNSW); 26 Nov 2008, C. Symonds, Acacia ausfeldii Regel (Fabaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019293) (AM). Goulburn, 34.749°S 149.735°E, 26 Jan 1953, C. E. Chadwick, Grevillea arenaria (Proteaceae), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019277) (AM). Mount Keira, 34.24°S 150.51°E, 21 Jan 1994, G. Cassis, Lomandra longifolia (Asparagaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019340) (AM). New England University, Armidale, 30.49579°S 151.63981°E, 01 Feb 1967, C. W. Frazier, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033983, AMNH_PBI 00033984) (ANIC); 07 Mar 1967, C. W. Frazier, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033982) (ANIC). Nielsen Park, Vaucluse, 33.85302°S 151.26723°E, 26 Nov 1982, S. Neser and M.J. Morris, Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033994), sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00033995), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033996-AMNH_PBI 00033999) (ANIC). Rosebrook, 32.64746°S 151.50969°E, 28 Dec 1924, R. V. Southcott, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038922), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00038922) (SAMA). Springwood, Patersons Rd, 1.1km from Springwood Rd, plot 1, 33.69958°S 150.59086°E, 348 m, 19 Nov 2008, C. Symonds, Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400447), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400485) (UNSW). Timbillica, 10 km NE of Genoa, 37.37152°S 149.70205°E, 29 Jan 1975, A. Neboiss, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030083) (MVMA). Yarrobil National Park, plot 1, 32.27741°S 149.36166°E, 500 m, 14 Dec 2007, C. Symonds, Acacia ausfeldii Regel (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400478) (UNSW). Yarrobil National Park, plot 2, 32.30319°S 149.35675°E, 500 m, 25 Nov 2008, C. Symonds, Acacia ausfeldii Regel (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019289) (AM). Yarrobil National Park, plot 3, 32.29536°S 149.38191°E, 500 m, 25 Nov 2008, R. Hazali, Acacia ausfeldii Regel (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019292) (AM). Yarrobil National Park, plot 4, 32.28702°S 149.3635°E, 500 m, 25 Nov 2008, R. Hazali, Acacia ausfeldii Regel (Fabaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019149) (AM), Acacia ausfeldii Regel (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400484) (UNSW). Yengo National Park, Mt Wareng, Howes Valley fire trail, plot 3, 32.86694°S 150.86019°E, 350 m, 20 Dec 2007, H. Finlay, Jacksonia scoparia (Fabaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400483) (UNSW). Northern Territory: 22 km N of Carpentaria Hwy (N of Cape Crawford) on Savannah Way, 16.50003°S 135.68098°E, 118 m, 23 Apr 2009, Cassis, Tatarnic, Monteith, Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00193279-AMNH_PBI 00193282, AMNH_PBI 00193285) (NTM), Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 6♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400450, AMNH_PBI 00400452, AMNH_PBI 00400453, AMNH_PBI 00400455, AMNH_PBI 00400457, AMNH_PBI 00400458), 6♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400462, AMNH_PBI 00400463, AMNH_PBI 00400465, AMNH_PBI 00400466, AMNH_PBI 00400468, AMNH_PBI 00400469), 6juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00400470-AMNH_PBI 00400472, AMNH_PBI 00400474, AMNH_PBI 00400475, AMNH_PBI 00400477) (UNSW), Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00193283, AMNH_PBI 00193284), 2juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00193286, AMNH_PBI 00193287) (WAMP). 22 mi S of Alice Springs, 24.3°S 134.6°E, 15 Feb 1966, Britton, Upton & McInnes, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033944) (ANIC). 53 km E by N of Alice Springs, 23.355°S 134.22°E, 06 Oct 1978, Upton & Barrett, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033912) (ANIC). Melville Island, 11.56479°S 130.95818°E, no date provided, W. D. Dodd, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00029087), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00029088), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00029089) (SAMA). Nitmiluk [Katherine Gorge] National Park, 14.14057°S 132.47292°E, 04 Dec 1980 - 06 Dec 1980, M. B. Malipatil, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00193277), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00193278) (NTM). Palm Valley, 23 May 1983, G. A. Holloway, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019257) (AM). Queensland: 10 km S of Toowoomba, Preston Road, 27.67424°S 151.992°E, 690 m, Jan 2001, G. Cassis, Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae), 12♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019577-AMNH_PBI 00019588), 8♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019590-AMNH_PBI 00019592, AMNH_PBI 00019594-AMNH_PBI 00019598) Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020193) (AM), Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae), 13♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400527-AMNH_PBI 00400539), 8♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400514-AMNH_PBI 00400521) (UNSW). 26.1km W of Mt. Garnet, 17.83677°S 144.94902°E, 673 m, 22 May 2006, Cassis, Barrow, Finlay, and Symonds, 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00020207), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020191) Acacia cf. platycarpa (leptoloba) F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019142), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00020204) (AM), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00005130), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005136, AMNH_PBI 00005138, AMNH_PBI 00005139, AMNH_PBI 00005219), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00005140) Acacia cf. platycarpa (leptoloba) F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00005126) (AMNH), 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201898, AMNH_PBI 00201896, AMNH_PBI 00201900), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00201897), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00201895) (QM), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400379), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00404949) (UNSW). 41.4km S of Lolworth Homestead, 20.40077°S 145.16513°E, 513 m, 18 May 2006, Cassis, Barrow, Finlay, and Symonds, Acacia melleodora (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019337, AMNH_PBI 00019339, AMNH_PBI 00019341, AMNH_PBI 00019342), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00019349) (AM), Acacia melleodora (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005210, AMNH_PBI 00005211, AMNH_PBI 00005208) (AMNH), Acacia melleodora (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201902, AMNH_PBI 00201906), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00201904, AMNH_PBI 00201905, AMNH_PBI 00201903) (QM), Acacia melleodora (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201901) (WAMP). 57km W of Mt. Garnet, Forty Mile Scrub, 18.05494°S 144.86247°E, 781 m, 22 May 2006, Cassis, Barrow, Finlay, and Symonds, Acacia flavescens (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00202017) (QM). 58km W of Mt. Garnet, Forty Mile Scrub National Park, 18.08155°S 144.85902°E, 758 m, 23 May 2006, Cassis, Barrow, Finlay, and Symonds, Acacia leptostachya Benth. (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00020190, AMNH_PBI 00020206) (AM), Acacia leptostachya Benth. (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005218, AMNH_PBI 00005217) (AMNH), Acacia leptostachya Benth. (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00201899) (QM). Bluff Ra., Biggenden, 25.50996°S 152.04302°E, 04 Jan 1974, H. Frauca, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034030) (ANIC). Brisbane, 27.46785°S 153.02801°E, 18 Dec 1989 - 19 Dec 1989, R.Wharton, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019355) (TAMU); 22 Jan 1990 - 26 Jan 1990, R.Wharton, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019352) (TAMU). Carnarvon Gorge NP, 25.03333°S 148.23333°E, 01 Dec 1993, G. Cassis, Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019266) (AM). Carnarvon Range, 25.28333°S 148.73333°E, 14 Dec 1938, N. Geary, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019281, AMNH_PBI 00019282) (AM). Cunnamulla, 28.071°S 145.685°E, Dec 1947, N. Geary, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019280) (AM). Goodwood, Isis Shire, 25.2379°S 152.277°E, 15 Apr 1973, H. Frauca, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033900) (ANIC). Noosa Heads, 26.3954°S 153.09043°E, 29 Nov 1985, D. Bickel & G. Cassis, 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019259-AMNH_PBI 00019263), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019264, AMNH_PBI 00019265) (AM). Pinnock [Pinock] R., Gorge Hogback Ra., WSW of Bundaberg, 25.03481°S 151.80731°E, 23 Sep 1972, H. Frauca, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033987) (ANIC). Selwyn Mine, 160 km SE of Mt Isa, 22.08585°S 140.21294°E, 14 Feb 1991 - 28 Feb 1991, T. Woodger, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020199) (AM). South Australia: 17 km E of Nepebunna, Gammon Ranges National Park, 30.57312°S 139.1273°E, 480 m, 07 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Acacia rivalis J. Black (Fabaceae), det. Det: Royal Bot Gard. NSW NSW427671, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038961), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00029102, AMNH_PBI 00038962, AMNH_PBI 00029103) (SAMA). 20 km W of Nepabunna, Mt. Serle, 30.55365°S 138.8304°E, 630 m, 07 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Acacia rivalis J. Black (Fabaceae), det. Det: Royal Bot Gard. NSW NSW427671, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019267), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019268) (AM). [Ooldoa], 22 Apr 1973, D. K. Hood, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038914) (SAMA). Victoria: Mt. Pinnibar, 36.53551°S 148.00331°E, 1143 m, 09 Mar 1967, K. R. Norris, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034055) (ANIC). Tennyson Creek, 5 km NW of Buldah, 37.14°S 149.07°E, 10 Jan 1982 - 16 Jan 1982, Unknown, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019283) (AM). Western Australia: Pilbara Co.: 19.7 km E of 'Onslow Rd' on Nth Coast Hwy, 22.00344°S 115.62308°E, 80 m, 29 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019286, AMNH_PBI 00019287) (AM), Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00005214), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005213) Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005212) (AMNH), Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400380) (UNSW), Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030501), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030502), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 0030500) Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030488) (WAMP). 16 km N Moora, 30.49394°S 116.0293°E, 16 Nov 1963, J. Sedlacek, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00045816) (BPBM). Applecross, 32.00967°S 115.84884°E, 22 Jan 1969, F. H. Uther Baker, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00029086) (SAMA). Attadale, Burke Drive, 32.02012°S 115.8055°E, 29 Oct 1983, R. Patterson, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030385) (WAMP). Bold Park, 31.95°S 115.7667°E, 16 Nov 2975, R. P. McMillan, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030390) (WAMP). Cannington, 32.01921°S 115.93279°E, 14 Nov 1982, S. Neser, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. (Fabaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034062, AMNH_PBI 00034063) (ANIC). Cannington, 32.01942°S 115.93301°E, 14 Nov 1982, S. Neser, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. (Fabaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034005, AMNH_PBI 00034006), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034007) (ANIC). Carnarvon Road, 24.89424°S 113.67257°E, 440 m, 22 Sep 1969, F. H. Uther Baker, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038904), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00029085) (SAMA). Dongarra, 29.24941°S 114.935°E, 13 Nov 1982, S. Neser, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. (Fabaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033989), 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034000-AMNH_PBI 00034004) (ANIC). Drysdale River, 15.02°S 126.55°E, 03 Aug 1975 - 08 Aug 1975, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033988) (ANIC). Eneabba, 29.8178°S 115.26759°E, 10 Sep 1982, R. P. McMillan, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030387) (WAMP). Kalbarri, 27.71°S 114.165°E, Nov 1969, W.J. Marsh, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030389) (WAMP). Kelmscott, 32.11471°S 116.01784°E, 06 Nov 1982, S. Neser, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. (Fabaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034018, AMNH_PBI 00034019), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034020) (ANIC). Kojonup, 33.83333°S 117.15°E, 17 Dec 1978, R. P. McMillan, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030386) (WAMP). North West Coast Hiway 72 km NE of jct with Blowholes Rd, 24.18336°S 114.0381°E, 34 m, 28 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Tatarnic, Symonds, Acacia murrayana (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6988989, 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00020189) Acacia murrayana (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6988989, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020188) (AM), Acacia murrayana (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6988989, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00005141), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005129) (AMNH), Acacia murrayana (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6988989, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030487), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030486) (WAMP). Perth, 31.9333°S 115.8333°E, 32 m, Nov 1973, S.M. Wade, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030384) (WAMP); 06 Nov 1982, S. Neser, 7♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034008-AMNH_PBI 00034013, AMNH_PBI 00034017), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034014-AMNH_PBI 00034017) (ANIC); 14 Nov 1982, S. Neser, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. (Fabaceae), 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034021-AMNH_PBI 00034025), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034026) (ANIC). Sandridge, W. Highway 90-115 km N of Carnarvon, 24.09661°S 114.04884°E, 10 Sep 1981, L. P. Kelsey, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034143, AMNH_PBI 00034136) (ANIC). Shenton Park (Perth), 31.95678°S 115.82417°E, Jan 1976, S. M. Slack-Smith, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030388) (WAMP). ca. 28 km SE of North West Coastal Hiway, on Mardathuna Rd (W of Kennedy Range National Park), 24.46768°S 114.5409°E, 219 m, 02 Nov 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Tatarnic, Symonds, Acacia murrayana (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6991572, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019555) (AM), Acacia murrayana (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6991572, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005131) (AMNH), Acacia murrayana (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6991572, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030559) (WAMP).
Other specimens examined. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 57km W of Mt. Garnet, Forty Mile Scrub, 18.05494°S 144.86247°E, 781 m, 22 May 2006, Cassis, Barrow, Finlay, and Symonds, Acacia flavescens (Fabaceae), det. RBG staff, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005215) (AMNH). Western Australia: Pilbara Co.: 19.7 km E of 'Onslow Rd' on Nth Coast Hwy, 22.00344°S 115.62308°E, 80 m, 29 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030489) (WAMP).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 10 S Perenjori, 29.51879°S 116.30842°E, 01 Nov 1958, E. F. Riek, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034076) (ANIC). 28 km S of Menzies (3.5 km E of Hiway), 29.91917°S 121.1514°E, 500 m, 25 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Grevillea juncifolia Hook. subsp. temulenta P. Olde & N. Marriott (Proteaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099951, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019295), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019298) (AM), Grevillea juncifolia Hook. subsp. temulenta P. Olde & N. Marriott (Proteaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099951, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00404947) (UNSW), Grevillea juncifolia Hook. subsp. temulenta P. Olde & N. Marriott (Proteaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099951, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030503) (WAMP). 123 km W of Coolgardie on Great Eastern Hiway, 31.23414°S 120.1562°E, 17 Nov 1999, R.T. Schuh, G. Cassis and R. Silveira, Grevillea hookeriana apiciloba (Proteaceae), det. Perth stuff PERTH 05670187, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030558), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030563, AMNH_PBI 00030555) (WAMP). 135 km W of Coolgardie on Great Eastern Hiway, 31.27202°S 120.0059°E, 489 m, 17 Nov 1999, R.T. Schuh, G. Cassis and R. Silveira, Grevillea hookeriana apiciloba (Proteaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05670187, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019148) (AM), Grevillea hookeriana apiciloba (Proteaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05670187, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00404947) (UNSW), Grevillea hookeriana apiciloba (Proteaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05670187, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030556), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030557) (WAMP). Southern Cross, 31.21666°S 119.33333°E, Oct 1981, R. P. McMillan, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030411) (WAMP).
Other specimens examined. AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory: Black Mountain, 35.26387°S 149.10051°E, 21 Jan 1987, D. C. F. Rentz, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033872, AMNH_PBI 00033873) (ANIC); 21 Jan 1987, D. C. F. Rentz, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033869), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033870) (ANIC). Canberra, 35.2833°S 149.2167°E, 605 m, 29 Jan 1958, W. J. M. Vestjens, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033901) (ANIC). Canberra (Farrer), 35.22°S 151.59°E, 20 Apr 1984, D. C. F. Rentz, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033943) (ANIC); 10 Jan 1987, D. C. F. Rentz, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033899) (ANIC); 21 Jan 1987, D. C. F. Rentz, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033871) (ANIC). Mt. Ainslie, Canberra, 35.267°S 149.167°E, 02 Jan 1966, M. S. Upton, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033931-AMNH_PBI 00033934), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033935-AMNH_PBI 00033937) (ANIC). Mt. Coree, 35.3°S 148.8°E, 822 m, 06 Feb 1957, E. F. Riek, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033938) (ANIC). Spence, 35.19499°S 149.06196°E, 14 Jan 1977, G.P. Hall, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033860) (ANIC). New South Wales: "Lorien", approx. 1 km NNW of Lansdowne via Taree, 31.77666°S 152.52465°E, 25 Apr 1982, G. & T. Williams, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019246) (AM). 3.2 km [2 mi] N of Old Adaminaby, 36.00682°S 148.70071°E, 24 Feb 1962, R. V. Southcott, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00038903) (SAMA). 16.1 km [10 mi] N of Broken Hill, 31.87114°S 141.51066°E, 07 Feb 1963, K. Dansie, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00028102), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00028103), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00028104, AMNH_PBI 00028105, AMNH_PBI 00038902) (SAMA). 40 km N Broken Hill, 31.62181°S 141.63689°E, 19 Nov 1949, S. J. Paramonov, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033867) (ANIC). Armidale, 30.5152°S 151.6651°E, 979 m, 01 Jan 1976, C. W. Frazier, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033906) (ANIC). Arrawarra, North Coast, 30.05943°S 153.19395°E, 08 Apr 1968, C. W. Frazier, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033877) (ANIC). Bibbenluke, 36.83333°S 149.28333°E, 841 m, 23 Feb 1961, T.V. Bourke, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00202901) (ASCU). Bogan River, 33.0068°S 148.03461°E, J. Armstrong, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019243) (AM). Brooklana, E Dorrigo, 30.26667°S 152.85°E, 1929, W. Heron, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019071), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019241) (AM). Callubri, Bogan River, 31.9218°S 147.2932°E, 01 Mar 1953, J. Armstrong, Eucalyptus bicolor (Myrtaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019244) (AM), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034133) (ANIC); 20 Feb 1958, A. Musgrave, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033875) (ANIC). Canowindra, 33.54883°S 148.65933°E, 29 Dec 1954, F. E. Wilson, 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00028096) (SAMA). Clarence, 33.46666°S 150.23333°E, 26 Jan 1983, N. W. Rodd, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019258) (AM). Congo, 8 km SE by E of Moruya, 35.58°S 150.09°E, 16 Mar 1980, M.S. Upton, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033941), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033942) (ANIC). Dainers Gap, 36.2°S 148.71666°E, 1585 m, 21 Feb 1973, P. Morrow, Eucalyptus pauciflora (Myrtaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033904) Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033905) (ANIC). Gnalta Stn nr Broken Hill, 31.94225°S 141.46671°E, 09 Dec 1960, N. McFarland, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00028097) (SAMA). Kosciusko, 35.76928°S 148.46975°E, 1524 m, Mar 1889, Helms, 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019238-AMNH_PBI 00019240) (AM). Leura, 33.71667°S 150.33333°E, 99 m, 29 May 1934, H. Hess, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019242) (AM). Moonbar, Monaro, 36.5°S 148.53333°E, 1067 m, Mar 1889, Helms, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019230, AMNH_PBI 00019231), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00019232), 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019233-AMNH_PBI 00019237) (AM). Mount Tomah, 33.544°S 150.421°E, 09 Feb 1984, N. W. Rodd, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019245) (AM); 28 Feb 1984, N. W. Rodd, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019305) (AM). Mt. Boyce, Blue Mountains, 33.615°S 150.268°E, 04 Jan 1983, N. W. Rodd, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019186) (AM). Oxley Highway, 72.4 km [45 mi] W Wauchope, 31.40976°S 152.16611°E, 04 Jan 1970, G. A. Holloway, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019225) (AM). Warrumbungle National Park, via Coonabarabran, 31.28333°S 149°E, 494 m, 21 Dec 1973, I. Naumann, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019146) (AM), Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034142) (ANIC). Wauchope, 72 km W on Oxley Highway, 31.45°S 152.73333°E, 04 Jan 1970, Britton, Holloway & Misko, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033907, AMNH_PBI 00033939, AMNH_PBI 00033940) (ANIC). Winston Hills, Charles Street, 33.77261°S 150.97021°E, 09 Jun 2008, D.S. Kent, Eucalyptus scoparia (Myrtaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400347) (UNSW). airstrip, Bago S. F. Blowering Dam, 35.419°S 148.276°E, D. Hyatt & G. A. Holloway, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019223) (AM). Northern Territory: 1 km N of Barrow Creek, 21.477°S 133.918°E, 11 Apr 1981, M. Malipatil & J. Hawkins, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00193276), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00193268, AMNH_PBI 00193273) (NTM). 2 mi S of Barrow Creek, 21.512°S 133.95°E, 13 Feb 1966, Britton, Upton & McInnes, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033874) (ANIC). 4 mi. W. of Coolibah HS, 15.34°S 130.54°E, 17 m, 10 Sep 1964, A. Douglas, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030382, AMNH_PBI 00030383) (WAMP). 4.6 km S of Renner Springs, 18.34735°S 133.81688°E, 08 Mar 1966, N. McFarland, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00028098), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00028095) (SAMA). 6.4 km WSW of Victoria River Downs, 16.427°S 130.957°E, 24 Jul 1973, L. P. Kelsey, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033891) (ANIC). 10 mi NW of Yuenduni Creek bed, 20 Feb 1968, Unknown, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038905, AMNH_PBI 00038906) (SAMA). 30 km S of Alice Springs, 23.89713°S 133.76049°E, 03 Nov 1974, E. Exley & R. Storey, Eucalyptus gamophylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034183) (ANIC). Bullock Ck Camfield Hmsd, 17.16666°S 131.41666°E, 19 Aug 1982 - 20 Aug 1982, I. Archibald, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00193270) (MNT), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00193272) (NTM). Caranbirini Waterhole, 33km SW of Borroloola, 16.16°S 136.05°E, 03 Nov 1975, M. S. Upton, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033894) (ANIC). Coolibah Ck., 19 km WNW Top Springs, 16.45°S 131.65416°E, 03 Jun 1998, J.D. Oswald, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00046014), 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00046016-AMNH_PBI 00046020) (TAMU). Illungnarra WH 90km SW by S of Urandangi, 22.18°S 137.52°E, 15 Oct 1978, M. S. Upton, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034179), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034140, AMNH_PBI 00033883) (ANIC). Katherine, 14.467°S 132.267°E, 17 Aug 1973 - 18 Aug 1973, L. P. Kelsey, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033885), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033886) (ANIC). Katherine River, 25km NE Katherine, 03 Oct 1977, G. F. Gross & J. A. Forrest, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00028094, AMNH_PBI 00038909, AMNH_PBI 00029100), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00038908) (SAMA). Lake Woods, 15 km SW Elliot, 17.70028°S 133.46661°E, 05 Oct 1977, G. F. Gross, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00029090) (SAMA). Limestone Gorge, 16.03333°S 130.38333°E, 23 Jun 1986 - 26 Jun 1986, M. B. Malipatil, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00193274) (NTM). N.T. Top Humbert Yard on Humbert River, 16.43333°S 130.46666°E, 08 Jul 1986 - 10 Jul 1986, I. Archibald, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00193269), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00193275) (NTM). Palm Valley, 23 May 1983, G. A. Holloway, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019065) (AM). Plenty Hwy, 268 km ENE of Alice Springs, 22.81163°S 136.27945°E, 14 Oct 1978, M. S. Upton, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033863, AMNH_PBI 00033865) (ANIC). Standley Chasm, 26 mi W of Alice Springs, 23.716°S 133.47°E, 09 Feb 1966, Britton, Upton & McInnes, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034134) (ANIC). Queensland: 3km NE Mt. Webb, 15.05°S 145.15°E, 01 Oct 1980 - 30 Oct 1980, J. C. Cardale, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033881) (ANIC); 01 Oct 1980 - 03 Oct 1980, T. Weir, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033888, AMNH_PBI 00033889), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033890) (ANIC); 30 Apr 1981 - 03 May 1981, A. Calder, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033861), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033887) (ANIC). 7 km N of Hope Vale Mission, 15.2398°S 145.1084°E, 04 Oct 1980, T. Weir, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033876, AMNH_PBI 00033884) (ANIC). 24.7 km W of Mitchell, 26.4881°S 147.7384°E, 490 m, 31 Oct 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae), det. Det: Royal Bot Gard. NSW NSW427491, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00017878) (AM). 62.8 km [39 mi] of Emerald, 23.55139°S 148.76564°E, 29 Dec 1974, R. I. Storey, Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034182) (ANIC). Blackdown Tableland, 23.8°S 149.1333°E, 17 Jan 1987, M.S. & B.J. Moulds, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033868) (ANIC). Boothill Creek, 80 m S of Mackay, 21.86667°S 148.88333°E, 237 m, 24 May 1968, G. Monteith, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201849, AMNH_PBI 00201851) (QM), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201848) (SAMA). Bunya Mts, Mowbullan, 26.85°S 151.56666°E, 07 Jan 1970, G. A. Holloway, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019250) (AM). Cunnamulla, 28.071°S 145.685°E, Feb 1941, N. Geary, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019199) (AM). Prince Henry Heights, Toowoomba, 27.33°S 151.59°E, 620 m, 10 Jan 1983, I. F. B. Common, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033866) (ANIC); 20 Jan 1983, I. F. B. Common, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033903) (ANIC); 05 Apr 1983, I. F. B. Common, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034180) (ANIC); 08 Mar 1984, I. F. B. Common, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034181) (ANIC). Roma, 26.563°S 148.805°E, 30 Mar 1964, G. B. Monteith, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201852) (QM). Thornton RIver, 60 ml NE of Camooweal, 19.56667°S 138.4°E, 240 m, 18 May 1972, G. B. & S. R. Monteith, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201847, AMNH_PBI 00201844-AMNH_PBI 00201846), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00201850) (QM). Warwick, 28.218°S 152.026°E, 27 Jan 1964, G. Monteith, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201843) (QM). [Lam. Nat. Pk], 03 Feb 1963, G. Monteith, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201853) (QM). ca. 16 km SSW Lakeland, 15.98861°S 144.77°E, 29 May 1998, J.D. Oswald, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00046013), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00046015) (TAMU). South Australia: 1 mi E of Mt Lofty, nr Picadilly, 34.9831°S 138.70406°E, 03 Jan 1974, P. B. McQuillan, ♂ (AMNH_PBI
00029101), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00028099) (SAMA). 10mi NW Arkaroola, 30.28333°S 139.26667°E, 710 m, 29 Oct 1969, N. McFarland, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00028106) (SAMA). Aldgate, 20 km E of Adelaide, 35.01667°S 138.73333°E, 400 m, 31 Dec 1960 -01 Jan 1961, J.L. and M. Gressitt, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00045841) (BPBM). Anajatra, Mann Ranges, 26.1°S 130.08333°E, 728 m, 10 May 1983 - 11 May 1983, G. A. Holloway, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019227) (AM). Cadelga Homestead, 26.08949°S 140.4106°E, 150 m, 04 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019306) Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae), det. Det: Royal Bot Gard. NSW NSW427487, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019069) (AM). Leigh Creek, 30.541°S 138.473°E, 03 Jan 1967, G. C. Gregory, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033862) (ANIC). Scorpion Springs C.P., Western Part of Park, 35.532°S 140.204°E, 16 Jan 1983, Unknown, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00028100) (SAMA). Tomkinson Ranges, Teizi Soak, 26.15°S 129.43333°E, 644 m, 12 May 1983, G. A. Holloway, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019068) (AM). Upper Sturt, Mt. Lofty Ra., 34.98333°S 138.7°E, 310 m, 11 Feb 1977, P. B. McQuillan, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038913) (SAMA). WIndy Creek, just below Aroona Dam., 10 km SW Copley, 30.63481°S 138.39509°E, 24 Nov 1975, G. F. Gross, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038912) (SAMA). Wilpena Pound, Flinders Ranges, 31.85591°S 138.46808°E, 525 m, 20 Jan 1976, M.S. & B.J. Moulds, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019221) (AM). Tasmania: Arve River T. 23, 43.135°S 146.8047°E, 123 m, Feb 1963, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033852-AMNH_PBI 00033855), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033856, AMNH_PBI 00033902) (ANIC). Victoria: Mt. Pinnibar, 36.53551°S 148.00331°E, 1143 m, 09 Mar 1967, K. R. Norris, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034137), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00034137) (ANIC). Wyperfeld [Wyperfield] National Park, 35.64836°S 141.73279°E, 113 m, 08 Dec 1928, G. Daniels, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020164) (AM). Western Australia: 1 km N of Millstream, 21.35°S 117.04°E, 28 Oct 1970, Upton & Feehan, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033857, AMNH_PBI 00033882), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033879) (ANIC). 30 E Norseman, 26 Oct 1958, E. F. Riek, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033908) (ANIC). 39.7 km N of Ravensthorpe, 33.32199°S 119.82°E, 500 m, 06 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00019200), 2juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019201, AMNH_PBI 00019202), 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019204, AMNH_PBI 00019205, AMNH_PBI 00019203), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019206-AMNH_PBI 00019209) (AM). 80 km W of Esperance, 21.86667°S 148.88333°E, 237 m, 20 Dec 1985, C. Reid, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033858, AMNH_PBI 00033859) (ANIC); 27 Dec 1985, C. Reid, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033878) (ANIC). 81 km E of Norseman, 32.07347°S 122.6166°E, 600 m, 23 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05056233, 10♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019169-AMNH_PBI 00019177, AMNH_PBI 00019179), 6♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019181-AMNH_PBI 00019185, AMNH_PBI 00019180) (AM). Bunbury, 33.32711°S 115.63699°E, Jan 1954, A. Snell, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019247) (AM). Crossing Pool, Millstream, 21.58074°S 117.09288°E, 21 Oct 1970, J. C. Cardale, 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033895-AMNH_PBI 00033898) (ANIC). Drysdale River, 15.02°S 126.55°E, 03 Aug 1975 - 08 Aug 1975, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033892) (ANIC). Eradu [Eradu Siding], 28.7°S 115.03333°E, 115 m, 08 Sep 1926, Nicholson, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033864) (ANIC). Fitzgerald River National Park, Hammersley Road, 33.90674°S 119.9567°E, 280 m, 06 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019189), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019191-AMNH_PBI 00019193) (AM). Fitzgerald River National Park, Hammersley Road, 33.81038°S 119.787°E, 215 m, 06 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019066) Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019190), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019188) (AM). Fremantle, 32.05442°S 115.74705°E, 15 Dec 1983, K. R. Norris, 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00033880) (ANIC). Kelmscott High School, Perth, 32.12°S 116.01°E, 30 Nov 1977, A. Page, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030369) (WAMP); 17 Jan 1978, A. Page, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030376), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030377) (WAMP). Kimberley, Lennard River, Xing Gibb River Road, 17.23°S 124.44°E, 08 Apr 1988, T. F. Houston, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030372), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030374, AMNH_PBI 00030375) (WAMP); 14 Jul 1988 - 28 Jul 1988, T. F. Houston, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030373) (WAMP). Kojonup, 33.83333°S 117.15°E, 03 Jan 1979, R. P. McMillan, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030371, AMNH_PBI 00030370) (WAMP). Lake Magenta Road, 32 km N of South Coast Hiway, 33.53838°S 119.2562°E, 250 m, 07 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019178) (AM). Millstream National Park, Pipeline Rd, 21.34°S 117.05°E, 09 May 2003, A. Zwick, A. Slipinski, and K. Pullen, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034064) (ANIC). Morgan Falls, 15.02°S 126.4°E, 16 Aug 1975 - 17 Aug 1975, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033893) (ANIC). Nangarup, Jct. of Doyle Road and Springdale Road, 33.82061°S 120.8682°E, 60 m, 27 Nov 1999, R.T. Schuh, G. Cassis and R. Silveira, Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019291) Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), det. Pert staff PERTH 05613213, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019302, AMNH_PBI 00019303) (AM). Pallarup Nature Reserve, 2.5 km W of Lake King-Ravensthorpe Road, 33.24958°S 119.7181°E, 390 m, 05 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05055512, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019210-AMNH_PBI 00019213), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019214, AMNH_PBI 00019195) (AM). West Beach, Fitzgerald River National Park, 33.95175°S 119.9769°E, 20 m, 28 Nov 1999, R.T. Schuh, G. Cassis and R. Silveira, Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), det. Perth stuff PERTH 05613213, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019299), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019300, AMNH_PBI 00019301) (AM). [Coralling up R.], Mar 1974, F. H. Uther Baker, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00028101) (SAMA). unknown: [Launcling Place], 24 Apr 1961, Unknown, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00029108) (MVMA).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 0.6 km S of Eneabba on Brand Hiway, 29.82335°S 115.2585°E, 100 m, 31 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Micromyrtus hursthousei W. Fitzg. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05120241, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019070) (AM), Micromyrtus hursthousei W. Fitzg. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05120241, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030504) (WAMP). 1 km E of Grey Rd on Ajana Rd, on southern boundary of Kalbarri National Park, 27.87052°S 114.1667°E, 197 m, 23 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Symonds, Scholtzia umbellifera (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6987982, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019351) (AM), Scholtzia umbellifera (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6987982, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00020198, AMNH_PBI 00030491) (WAMP). 6.5 km NE of Fisheries Road on Balladonia Road, 33.72415°S 123.1123°E, 120 m, 25 Nov 1999, R.T. Schuh, G. Cassis and R. Silveira, Darwinia vestita (Endl.) Benth. (Myrtaceae), det. Perth staff PERTH 05671698, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030505) (WAMP). 18 km E Northam, 31.64037°S 116.84594°E, 01 Nov 1963, J. Sedlacek, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00042329) (BPBM). 28 km S of Menzies (3.5 km E of Hiway), 29.91917°S 121.1514°E, 500 m, 25 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Calytrix angulata Lindl. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099706, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019404) Calytrix angulata Lindl. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099706, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019366), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019372-AMNH_PBI 00019374, AMNH_PBI 00019403), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019376) Homalocalyx grandiflorus (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099935, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019361), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019369) (AM), Calytrix angulata Lindl. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099706, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030495), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030494, AMNH_PBI 00030494, AMNH_PBI 00030492) (WAMP). 49 km S Eneabba, Coomallo Rest Area, jct of Brand Hiway and Jurien East Rd, 30.22339°S 115.3982°E, 162 m, 21 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Symonds, Thryptomene hyporhytis Turcz. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6986900, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030506) (WAMP). Bencubbin, 30.80378°S 117.86396°E, 03 Oct 1983, R. P. McMillan, 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030396-AMNH_PBI 00030398), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030399) (WAMP). Boologooro HS, 24.65°S 113.7°E, 27 Aug 1980 - 29 Aug 1980, C.A.Howard & T.F.Houston, Verticordia forrestii (Myrtaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030402), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030403-AMNH_PBI 00030405) (WAMP). Brand Hiway 45.9 km S of Dongarra Road, 29.57703°S 115.1348°E, 100 m, 31 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Micromyrtus hursthousei W. Fitzg. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05120241, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030490) (WAMP). Kalbarri National Park, 7 km E of Kalbarri, 27.68008°S 114.2386°E, 400 m, 29 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Calytrix variabilis Lindl. (Myrtaceae), det. Perth staff PERTH 05120470, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019377) (AM). Karara, N of Emu Fence on track to Corner Well, 29.16833°S 116.66633°E, 268 m, 20 Sep 2009, C. Symonds, Homalocalyx aureus (Myrtaceae), det. WA Herbarium, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030507) (WAMP). Lochada, 6.13km SE Boiada Camp, 29.24582°S 116.54328°E, 299 m, 15 Sep 2009, C. Lambkin & G. Monteith, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400382) (UNSW), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030508) (WAMP). Mt. Lindesay, 23 km NW of Denmark, 34.85058°S 117.2767°E, 100 m, 17 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Taxandria sp. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05095360, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019405) (AM). Southern Cross, 31.21666°S 119.33333°E, 25 Oct 1981, R. P. McMillan, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030400, AMNH_PBI 00030401) (WAMP). Wialki, 30.48527°S 118.11666°E, 20 Oct 1981, R. P. McMillan, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030394), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030395) (WAMP). Yalgorup National Park, 32.845°S 115.66138°E, 27 Nov 1998, G. Cassis, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019379) (AM).
Other specimens examined. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 28 km S of Menzies (3.5 km E of Hiway), 29.91917°S 121.1514°E, 500 m, 25 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Calytrix angulata Lindl. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05099706, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030493) (WAMP).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Glamorgan, 27.51519°S 152.6327°E, 28 Mar 1964, C. Hembrow, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019380) (AM). South Australia: Gawler Ranges, 4 km SW Scrubby Peak, 32.64°S 135.134°E, 12 Dec 1989, J. A. Forrest, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00029093) (SAMA). Leigh Creek, 30.541°S 138.473°E, Oct 1964 - Mar 1965, G. C. Gregory, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034071) (ANIC). Western Australia: 2 km N of Canegrass [Cane Grass] Swamp, 30.11°S 121.1°E, 25 Sep 1995, M. S. & B. J. Moulds & K. A. Kopestonsky, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019368) (AM). 70 km NNW of Kalgoorlie, 30.18333°S 121.16666°E, 11 Nov 1977, T. Weir, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034070) (ANIC). Buningonia Spring (Well), 31.43333°S 123.55°E, 18 Nov 1978 - 25 Nov 1978, T. F. Houston et al, Light Trap, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030406, AMNH_PBI 00030407), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030408) (WAMP). Moir's Rock 42 km NNW Salmon Gums, 32.65°S 121.41666°E, 03 Jan 1987, G. and A. Daniels, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201854), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00201855) (QM).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Thargomindah, 27.99008°S 143.81978°E, Apr 1941, N. Geary, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019357, AMNH_PBI 00019359, AMNH_PBI 00019360, AMNH_PBI 00019362), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019358) (AM). Western Australia: Pilbara Co.: 19.7 km E of 'Onslow Rd' on Nth Coast Hwy, 22.00344°S 115.62308°E, 80 m, 29 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019308, AMNH_PBI 00019310, AMNH_PBI 00019312, AMNH_PBI 00030512), 9♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019316, AMNH_PBI 00019317, AMNH_PBI 00019319-AMNH_PBI 00019324, AMNH_PBI 00030515), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019326), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00019327) (AM), Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely (Fabaceae), det. Field ID, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030509-AMNH_PBI 00030511), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030513, AMNH_PBI 00030514) (WAMP). 45 km W of Tom Price on Nanutarra Rd, 22.96088°S 117.33425°E, 386 m, 27 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, Acacia coriacea DC. subsp. pendens (Fabaceae), det. Perth staff PERTH 7300379, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019394, AMNH_PBI 00019395), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019398, AMNH_PBI 00019396), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019401) (AM), Acacia coriacea DC. subsp. pendens (Fabaceae), det. Perth staff PERTH 7300379, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030516), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030517) (WAMP). 64 km ESE of Onslow, 22.02605°S 115.41216°E, 67 m, 29 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely (Fabaceae), det. Perth staff PERTH 7250592, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019329, AMNH_PBI 00019330), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019315, AMNH_PBI 00019333) (AM), Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely (Fabaceae), det. Perth staff PERTH 7250592, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030519, AMNH_PBI 00030520), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030518) (WAMP). 247 km W of Tom Price on Nanutarra Rd, 22.43425°S 115.90172°E, 155 m, 28 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019335) (AM), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00030521) (WAMP). Approx. 26 km N of Hamersley on Railway Rd, right side of rd., 22.07027°S 117.70222°E, 27 May 2004, M.Bulbert, N.Tatarnic & D.Britton, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019400) (AM); 06 Jun 2004, M. Bulbert, N. Tatarnic and S. Lassau, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00020177, AMNH_PBI 00020181) (AM). 12.5km SSE of Banjiwarn HS, 27.7°S 121.61666°E, 22 Feb 1980 - 28 Feb 1980, T. F. Houston et al, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030412) (WAMP). 101 km SE by E Broome, 18.45°S 123.05°E, 19 Aug 1976, I. F. B. Common, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034068, AMNH_PBI 00034069, AMNH_PBI 00034139, AMNH_PBI 00034144) (ANIC). Cadjeput Rockhole, 21.53194°S 119.14916°E, 29 Sep 1988, B.P. Hanich et al., ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030392) (WAMP). Kathleen Valley, 27.51666°S 120.56666°E, 1963, T. Moriarty, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030393) (WAMP). Kimberley Dist., Dampier Peninsula, 12.9 km W of Cape Leveque Rd, 17.09509°S 122.4768°E, 130 m, 19 May 1999, G.Cassis, R.Silveira, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019229) (AM). Nangarup, Jct. of Doyle Road and Springdale Road, 33.82061°S 120.8682°E, 60 m, 27 Nov 1999, R.T. Schuh, G. Cassis and R. Silveira, Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Schauer (Myrtaceae), det. Pert staff PERTH 05613213, 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019385) (AM). Pilbara region, Juna Downs Station, Juna Downs Rd to Packsaddle Bore, 5km E of homestead, 22.87183°S 118.52483°E, 23 Sep 2005 - 28 Sep 2005, CVA volunteers, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020179, AMNH_PBI 00020180) (AM). Python Pool, 4 mi E of Mt Herbert, 21.33333°S 117.21667°E, 286 m, 28 Jul 1964, P. B. Carne, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034138) (WAMP).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Bogan River, 33.0068°S 148.03461°E, J. Armstrong, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019255) (AM); 23 Nov 1931, J. Armstrong, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019254), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019254) (AM). Yagobie Crossing, 29.53333°S 150.25°E, 282 m, 16 Jan 1952, A. Dyce, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034056) (ANIC). South Australia: Eringunda Valley, Flinders Ranges, 31.35363°S 138.60191°E, 06 Mar 1973, E. G. Matthews, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00038907) (SAMA). Victoria: Benalla, 36.551°S 145.979°E, 18 Feb 1967, G. B. Monteith, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00201840, AMNH_PBI 00201856, AMNH_PBI 00201857) (QM). Western Australia: 46.5 km W of Yalgoo, 28.41302°S 116.2151°E, 600 m, 27 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Light Trap, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030497) (WAMP).
Paratypes: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Pilbara Co.: 175 km W of Tom Price on Nanutarra Rd, 22.72841°S 116.435°E, 224 m, 28 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019551) (AM), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400487) (UNSW). 247 km W of Tom Price on Nanutarra Rd, 22.43425°S 115.90172°E, 155 m, 28 Aug 2005, G. Cassis, S. Lassau, S. and G. Carter, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019557, AMNH_PBI 00019559, AMNH_PBI 00020208), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019563), 3juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019198, AMNH_PBI 00019553, AMNH_PBI 00019402), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019251) (AM). Hamersley-Mt. Bruce Rd. 55km W of Mt Bruce, 4km SW along track next to pipeline, 22.53027°S 117.93305°E, 01 Jun 2004, M. Bulbert, N. Tatarnic and S. Lassau, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020178) (AM). Fowlers Camp (at end of Fowlers Camp Rd), Shark Bay World Heritage Area, 26.10801°S 113.6167°E, 24 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Symonds, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005231) (AMNH). NW Coastal Hiway 61.7 km N of Kalbarri Rd, 27.41007°S 114.664°E, 500 m, 30 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Mirbelia sp. (Papilionaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05120268, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019569, AMNH_PBI 00019393), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00019568), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019572) Mirbelia sp. (Papilionaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05120268, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019388-AMNH_PBI 00019391), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019392) (AM), Mirbelia sp. (Papilionaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH 05120268, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030535, AMNH_PBI 00030536) (WAMP). ca. 107.7 km SE of North West Coastal Hiway, on Mardathuna Rd (W of Kennedy Range National Park), 24.66376°S 114.7821°E, 163 m, 01 Nov 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Tatarnic, Symonds, Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990169, 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019144, AMNH_PBI 00019561, AMNH_PBI 00019408), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00019570), 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019560, AMNH_PBI 00005241, AMNH_PBI 00019562) Mirbelia sp. Carnarvon (J.S. Beard 6008) (Papilionaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990320, 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020195, AMNH_PBI 00019406, AMNH_PBI 00019565, AMNH_PBI 00018485, AMNH_PBI 00020211), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00020211, AMNH_PBI 00019222) (AM), 1juvenille (AMNH_PBI 00005229) Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990169, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005232, AMNH_PBI 00005234), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00005236, AMNH_PBI 00005239) Mirbelia sp. Carnarvon (J.S. Beard 6008) (Papilionaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990320, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00005223, AMNH_PBI 00005222, AMNH_PBI 00005221, AMNH_PBI 00005220), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00005225, AMNH_PBI 00005227, AMNH_PBI 00005228, AMNH_PBI 00005230) (AMNH), Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990169, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00400461), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00400486, AMNH_PBI 00005240) (UNSW), Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990169, 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030523, AMNH_PBI 00030524, AMNH_PBI 00030532, AMNH_PBI 00030529, AMNH_PBI 00030520), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030525) Mirbelia sp. Carnarvon (J.S. Beard 6008) (Papilionaceae), det. PERTH staff PERTH6990320, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00030526, AMNH_PBI 00030527, AMNH_PBI 00030531), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030531, AMNH_PBI 00030534, AMNH_PBI 00030528) (WAMP).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Pilbara region, Hamersley Gorge, upstream, 22.25516°S 117.98483°E, 08 Jun 2004, M. Bulbert, N. Tatarnic and S. Lassau, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00020185) (AM). Pilbara region, Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd., 1.7km N of Hamersley Rd. turnoff, 22.22566°S 117.96833°E, 30 May 2004, M.Bulbert, N.Tatarnic & D.Britton, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00030496) (WAMP).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Grenfell, 33.87782°S 148.16494°E, 1918, W. W. Froggatt, ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00019256) (AM), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00033909), 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00033909, AMNH_PBI 00033911), 1sex unknown (AMNH_PBI 00019256) (ANIC). Queensland: 174 Jesmond Road, Brisbane, 27.51278°S 152.96283°E, 30 Oct 1990, G. M. Chamberlain, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019228) (TAMU). Carnarvon Gorge NP, 25.03333°S 148.23333°E, 29 Nov 1993, G. Cassis, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00019382), ♀ (AMNH_PBI 00020182) (AM).
Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: 30.4 km S of Bing Bong, 15.90631°S 136.33245°E, 15 m, 21 Apr 2009, Cassis, Tatarnic, Monteith, Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00020194) (UNSW). Western Australia: 10km NW by N of Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau Kimberley Dist., 14.45°S 125.47°E, 17 May 1983, D.C.F. Rentz & J. Balderson, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034072) (ANIC). near Mitchell Plateau Airfield, 14.48°S 125.49°E, 15 May 1983, I. D. Naumann & J. C. Cardale, Light Trap, ♂ (AMNH_PBI 00034075) (ANIC).
By Anna A. Namyatova, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, anna.namyatova@gmail.com and Gerasimos Cassis, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
