Objectives To explore the trends and the predictors of incident malignant cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Methods We identified a cohort of all patients with incident IBD in Quebec, Canada, from 1998 to 2015, using provincial administrative health-care databases [RAMQ and Med-Echo]. Annual incidence rates [IRs] of cancer were calculated using Poisson regression and were compared with those of the Quebec population using standardized incidence ratios [SIRs ]. Temporal trends in these rates were evaluated by fitting generalized linear models. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios [ORs] for predictors associated with cancer development. Results The cohort included 35 985 patients with IBD, of which 2275 developed cancers over a mean follow-up of 8 years (IR 785.6 per 100 000 persons per year; 95% confidence interval [CI] 754.0–818.5). The rate of colorectal cancer decreased significantly from 1998 to 2015 [ p < 0.05 for linear trend], but the incidence remained higher than expected, compared with the Quebec population [SIR 1.39; 95% CI 1.19–1.60]. Rates of extraintestinal cancers increased non-significantly over time [ p = 0.11 for linear trend]. In the IBD cohort, chronic kidney disease [OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.17–1.43], respiratory diseases [OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02–1.12], and diabetes mellitus [OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.11] were associated with an increase in the incidence of cancer. Conclusions The decreasing rates of colorectal cancer suggest improved management and care in IBD. Further studies are needed to explore the impact of comorbid conditions on the risk of cancer in IBD.
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel diseases; cancer; incidence
Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], including Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC], is most prevalent in western societies such as Europe and North America.[
Aside from our previous work addressing the risk of lymphoma and skin cancer associated with IBD medications,[
This study was conducted using administrative health-care data from the province of Quebec, which provides universal health-care coverage for nearly all Quebec residents [over 8 million individuals]. The Régie de l'Assurance Maladie du Québec [RAMQ] database contains information on patient demographics and records of physician billings for medical services and procedures, and the Med-Echo database contains hospital discharge records. These data are coded using International Classification of Diseases [ICD] 9 and 10 codes. Drug prescriptions that are issued under the provincial drug insurance plan are also captured in the RAMQ database, and are identified by the corresponding Drug Identification Number [DIN].
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec.
Using the RAMQ and Med-Echo databases, we retrieved data from between 01 January 1996 and 31 December 2015, for all patients ever diagnosed or hospitalized with IBD within this time period. From this population, we identified patients aged 18 or older and meeting the IBD definition criteria between 01 January 1998 and 31 December 2015. Data from the years 1996 and 1997 were used to distinguish incident and prevalent disease. The IBD definition was based on a previously validated algorithm.[
The outcome of interest was a first hospital discharge with a primary diagnosis of incident malignant cancer, which was identified using the appropriate ICD codes. Hospitalization data was used in order to achieve a greater sensitivity over the use of physician billing data. Events were defined as incident if the patient had no previous history of the same cancer type. Extraintestinal and intestinal cancers were also evaluated separately, as secondary outcomes.
In order to describe the baseline profile of our IBD cohort, we identified patient demographic characteristics, risk factors, and comorbidities from within the year prior to cohort entry. Demographic characteristics included age, sex, and area of residence [rural or urban].[
We used Poisson regression to calculate the yearly incidence rates [IRs] of cancer within our cohort, both as a function of calendar time, and as a function of time since IBD. Changes in these rates over time were assessed by fitting generalized linear models, and were presented graphically as 3-year centred moving averages from 1999 to 2014. We also used indirect standardization to calculate age- and sex-standardized incidence ratios [SIRs] comparing the number of observed cancer events within our study cohort, with the number of expected events using the Quebec population as reference. Age- and sex-specific rates of cancer in Quebec were obtained from Statistics Canada,[
We identified patient characteristics associated with incident cancer development in IBD, by comparing cancer cases with matched controls. Within our cohort of incident IBD patients, for all those experiencing a cancer event during follow-up, we identified up to 10 controls who did not have cancer as at the corresponding event calendar date. Cases and controls were matched on age [within one year], sex, and calendar date of IBD diagnosis [within 1 year]. In subgroup analyses, cases and controls were also matched according to IBD phenotype. The index date was the date of cancer diagnosis for cases, and the corresponding calendar date for matched controls. Conditional stepwise logistic regression was used to identify the covariates associated with cancer development, measured in the year prior to the index date. In addition to all aforementioned covariates, prescriptions for immunosuppressant medications and biologics [tumor necrosis factor [TNF] inhibitors, corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylic acid, thiopurines, methotrexate, others] were also included in the model. A significance level of 0.25 was required for covariates to enter the model, and a significance level of 0.15 was required for covariates to be retained. In sensitivity analyses, covariates were measured in the 1-year period ending 6 months and 12 months prior to the index date, in order to explore the potential for reverse causality related to increased surveillance among patients presenting early signs or symptoms of cancer.
All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 [SAS Institute Inc. Cary, North Carolina].
We identified 42 334 patients meeting the IBD definition between 1998 and 2015 [Figure 1]. After excluding patients under 18 years of age, those with prevalent IBD, and those with less than 1 day of follow-up, our final cohort comprised 35 985 adult patients with a mean age of 45 years. The mean follow-up time was 8 years, for a total of 289 593 person-years of follow-up. Altogether, we identified 20 644 [57.4%] patients with CD, 14 000 [38.9%] patients with UC, and 1341 [3.7%] patients who could not be classified as either CD or UC [Table 1]. Compared with patients with UC, those with CD tended to be younger at the time of IBD and were predominantly female. They also had a lower prevalence of vascular disease and hypertension at baseline.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of IBD patients in Quebec.
IBD overall Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis [ [ [ Demographic characteristics Age [years] 18–30 9380 [26.1] 6270 [30.4] 2737 [19.6] 31–40 6578 [18.3] 3778 [18.3] 2568 [18.3] 41–50 6683 [18.6] 3730 [18.1] 2697 [19.3] 51–60 5678 [15.8] 3030 [14.7] 2433 [17.4] 61–70 3937 [10.9] 2036 [9.9] 1770 [12.6] 71–80 2552 [7.1] 1246 [6.0] 1210 [8.6] ≥81 1177 [3.3] 554 [2.7] 585 [4.2] Sex Men 16 563 [46.0] 8900 [43.1] 6997 [50.0] Women 19 422 [54.0] 11 744 [56.9] 7003 [50.0] Year of IBD diagnosis 1998–2000 6043 [16.8] 3212 [15.6] 2608 [18.6] 2001–2003 6247 [17.4] 3538 [17.1] 2452 [17.5] 2004–2006 5681 [15.8] 3422 [16.6] 2063 [14.7] 2007–2009 5708 [15.9] 3268 [15.8] 2211 [15.8] 2010–2012 5936 [16.5] 3430 [16.6] 2277 [16.3] 2013–2015 6370 [17.7] 3774 [18.3] 2389 [17.1] Area of residence Urban 28 800 [80.0] 16 522 [80.0] 11 197 [80.0] Rural 6661 [18.5] 3822 [18.5] 2596 [18.5] Unknown 524 [1.5] 300 [1.5] 207 [1.5] Clinical characteristics Other inflammatory/autoimmune diseases Rheumatoid arthritis 553 [1.5] 350 [1.7] 184 [1.3] Inflammatory skin diseases 3257 [9.1] 1849 [9.0] 1259 [9.0] Other 847 [2.4] 586 [2.8] 232 [1.7] Chronic kidney disease 552 [1.5] 272 [1.3] 260 [1.9] Diabetes mellitus 2577 [7.2] 1310 [6.3] 1168 [8.3] Dyslipidemia 2547 [7.1] 1205 [5.8] 1243 [8.9] Hypertension 5339 [14.8] 2695 [13.1] 2440 [17.4] Obesity 837 [2.3] 466 [2.3] 341 [2.4] Mental illnesses 4593 [12.8] 2721 [13.2] 1693 [12.1] Respiratory diseases 4421 [12.3] 2364 [11.5] 1893 [13.5] Vascular diseases 5406 [15.0] 2445 [11.8] 2721 [19.4] Liver diseases 1043 [2.9] 565[2.7] 433 [3.1] Cancer Intestinal 90 [0.3] 58 [0.3] 30 [0.2] Extraintestinal 225 [0.6] 117 [0.6] 99 [0.7] Number of hospitalizations 0 28 346 [78.8] 16 020 [77.6] 11 304 [80.7] 1 5258 [14.6] 3209 [15.5] 1822 [13.0] 2 1473 [4.1] 881 [4.3] 530 [3.8] ≥3 912 [2.5] 537 [2.6] 345 [2.5]
1 All values are presented as n [%], unless otherwise specified.
Graph: Figure 1. Cohort definition and matching flowchart
A total of 2275 incident malignant cancer events occurred during follow-up (IR 785.6 per 100 000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 754.0–818.5), over 80% of which were extraintestinal. Cancers of the respiratory system [lungs, bronchi, trachea] were the most frequent [13.6%, IR 107.0 per 100 000 person-years], followed by breast cancer [12.7%, IR 99.8 per 100 000 person-years], colorectal cancer [12.6%, IR 99.1 per 100 000 person-years], and non-melanoma skin cancer [NMSC] [10.2%, IR 80.5 per 100 000 person-years], altogether comprising nearly 50% of all events. Cases of melanoma comprised 2% of cancer events [IR 18.3 per 100 000 person-years].
Overall, the incidence of cancer in IBD was relatively stable over the study period, from 1998 to 2015. There was a decreasing trend for intestinal cancers, mainly due to a significant decline in the rate of colorectal cancer [p < 0.05 for linear trend] [Figure 2]. In contrast, there was an increasing trend for extraintestinal cancers, including breast cancer and respiratory cancers, with a significant increase in the rate of NMSC over time [p < 0.001 for linear trend]. When looking at occurrence of cancer as a function of time since IBD diagnosis, the rate of colorectal cancer was elevated in the earlier and in the later years after diagnosis, and also increased notably from 7 to 10 years after diagnosis [Figure 3]. Similarly, the rates of NMSC and breast cancer increased 8 to 11 years after IBD diagnosis, and decreased thereafter. Overall, these findings were unchanged when stratified by IBD phenotype, although the low number of events, particularly among patients with UC, precludes a valid interpretation of some of these results [Supplementary Figures 1–4].
Graph: Figure 2. Crude rates of intestinal [above] and extraintestinal [below] cancers as a function of calendar time, presented as 3-year centred moving averages from 1999 to 2014. NMSC, non-melanoma skin cancer.
Graph: Figure 3. Crude rates of intestinal [above] and extraintestinal [below] cancers as a function of time since IBD, presented as three-year moving averages. NMSC, non-melanoma skin cancer.
From 1998 to 2010, the overall incidence of cancer was significantly higher than expected in our cohort of IBD patients, based on the rates of cancer in the general Quebec population [Table 2]. This elevated risk appeared to be driven by a higher incidence of NMSC [SIR 28.81; 95% CI 22.06–35.56] and colorectal cancer [SIR 1.73; 95% CI 1.40–2.06] among patients with CD, which were modestly offset by a lower incidence of respiratory cancers among patients with UC [SIR 0.75; 95% CI 0.57–0.94].
Table 2. Standardized incidence ratios [SIRs] and 95% confidence intervals, evaluating the risk of cancer events in IBD compared with in the general Quebec population
IBD overall Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis All cancers 1.20 [1.13–1.26] 1.39 [1.28–1.49] 1.00 [0.91–1.09] Extraintestinal cancers 1.16 [1.08–1.23] 1.33 [1.22–1.44] 0.99 [0.89–1.09] Breast cancer 1.13 [0.96–1.31] 1.04 [0.82–1.27] 1.21 [0.93–1.50] Prostate cancer 0.92 [0.73–1.12] 0.92 [0.62–1.22] 1.00 [0.72–1.27] Respiratory cancers 0.95 [0.80–1.09] 1.16 [0.93–1.39] 0.75 [0.57–0.94] Non-melanoma skin cancer 22.62 [18.27–26.96] 28.81 [22.06–35.56] 15.51 [10.05–20.97] Intestinal cancers 1.36 [1.19–1.53] 1.66 [1.39–1.94] 1.01 [0.79–1.22] Colorectal cancer 1.39 [1.19–1.60] 1.73 [1.40–2.06] 1.02 [0.77–1.27]
All but seven cases were matched to up to 10 controls on age, sex, date of IBD diagnosis, and calendar time [Table 3]. Overall, cases of cancer were more likely to have CKD (odds ratio [OR] 1.29; 95% CI 1.17–1.43), respiratory diseases [OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02–1.12], and diabetes mellitus [OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.11], and they were also hospitalized more frequently [OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.03–1.07]. Similar findings were obtained when matching and stratifying on IBD phenotype, as well as in sensitivity analyses lagging the measurement of covariates by 6 months and by 12 months prior to the index date [Supplementary Tables 1–2].
Table 3. Characteristics of matched cancer cases and controls with IBD
Cases Controls Multivariate [ [ OR [95% CI]* Demographic characteristics Age [years] -- 18–30 139 [6.1] 1387 [6.2] 31–40 219 [9.7] 2185 [9.8] 41–50 410 [18.1] 4095 [18.4] 51–60 554 [24.4] 5571 [25.0] 61–70 518 [22.8] 5171 [23.2] 71–80 347 [15.3] 3313 [14.9] ≥81 81 [3.6] 551 [2.5] Sex -- Men 1089 [48.0] 10,604 [47.6] Women 1179 [52.0] 11,669 [52.4] Year of IBD diagnosis -- 1998–2000 637 [28.1] 6347 [28.5] 2001–2003 590 [26.0] 5724 [25.7] 2004–2006 428 [18.9] 4234 [19.0] 2007–2009 312 [13.8] 3079 [13.8] 2010–2012 209 [9.2] 2075 [9.3] 2013–2015 92 [4.1] 814 [3.7] Area of residence NS Urban 1828 [80.6] 17 907 [80.4] Rural 440 [19.4] 4366 [19.6] Unknown 0 [0.0] 0 [0.0] Clinical characteristics IBD phenotype Crohn's disease 1307 [57.6] 11,590 [52.0] 1.03 [0.95–1.11] Ulcerative colitis 887 [39.1] 9831 [44.1] 0.99 [0.92–1.07] Unclassified 74 [3.3] 852 [3.8] 1.00 [ref.] Other inflammatory/autoimmune diseases Rheumatoid arthritis 40 [1.8] 456 [2.0] NS Inflammatory skin diseases 204 [9.0] 1669 [7.5] NS Other 63 [2.8] 440 [2.0] NS Chronic kidney disease 83 [3.7] 496 [2.2] 1.29 [1.17–1.43] Diabetes mellitus 306 [13.5] 2443 [11.0] 1.06 [1.01–1.11] Dyslipidemia 172 [7.6] 1434 [6.4] NS Hypertension 524 [23.1] 4316 [19.4] 0.97 [0.93–1.00] Obesity 41 [1.8] 389 [1.7] NS Mental illnesses 265 [11.7] 2229 [10.0] NS Respiratory diseases 375 [16.5] 2703 [12.1] 1.07 [1.02–1.12] Vascular diseases 298 [13.1] 1848 [8.3] 1.05 [0.99–1.11] Liver diseases 113 [5.0] 440 [2.0] NS Immunosuppressant/biologics use 1039 [45.8] 9141 [41.0] NS 5-aminosalicylic acid 673 [29.7] 6338 [28.5] Corticosteroids 514 [22.7] 4023 [18.1] Thiopurines 297 [13.1] 2155 [9.7] Anti-TNF 80 [3.5] 690 [3.1] Methotrexate 41 [1.8] 476 [2.1] Other** 0 [0.0] 4 [0.0] Number of hospitalizations 1.05 [1.03–1.07] 0 1450 [63.9] 16,825 [75.5] 1 477 [21.0] 3394 [15.2] 2 200 [8.8] 1294 [5.8] ≥3 141 [6.2] 760 [3.4]
- 2 OR, odds ratio; anti-TNF, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors; NS, not selected.
- 3 *Results of the conditional logistic stepwise regression model, including all presented variables, with age, sex, year of IBD diagnosis, and calendar time as matching factors.
- 4 **Use of other immunosuppressant therapies and/or biologics, including anti-integrins [vedolizumab and natalizumab], ustekinumab, and other therapies [rituximab, cellcept].
Over the course of the 18-year study period, rates of cancer in IBD were relatively stable; extraintestinal cancers increased non-significantly, and intestinal cancers decreased non-significantly. For colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and NMSC, the risk of events increased 7 to 8 years after IBD diagnosis. Moreover, our findings suggest a higher incidence of cancer in IBD compared with in the general population, mainly owing to an elevated risk of NMSC and colorectal cancer in patients with CD. Finally, compared with matched controls, cases of cancer in IBD were more likely to have CKD, respiratory diseases, or diabetes mellitus, and they were also hospitalized more frequently.
The incidence of IBD-related cancers reported in this study was comparable with that in previous reports. According to a recent review, meta-analyses had estimated the incidence of colorectal cancer at 300 and 50 cases per 100 000 person-years overall, for patients with UC and CD, respectively.[
The positive association between IBD and colorectal cancer has been extensively demonstrated,[
Compared with the general population, we also observed elevated rates of NMSC in CD and UC, which are supported by findings from previous studies.[
In our study cohort, colorectal cancer was observed to increase from 7 to 10 years after IBD diagnosis. These findings are in accordance with evidence-based guidelines pertaining to colorectal screening in IBD, which have suggested that regular surveillance should begin up to 8 to 10 years following the symptoms or diagnosis of IBD.[
It has been suggested that CKD may be both a risk factor and an outcome of incident cancer in the general population,[
Our study presents a number of strengths, being one of few to describe the clinical profile of patients with IBD, as well as the first to explore the trends in the incidence of cancer associated with IBD in Quebec. Moreover, our analyses are based on data from all patients registered with the RAMQ, which comprises all Quebec residents. Our findings may therefore be directly used to inform health-care policy and decision-making at the population level. In terms of limitations, our analyses were not able to account for certain risk factors and comorbidities that may influence patients' risk of cancer, such as smoking, family history of IBD and/or cancer, IBD severity, or CD/UC phenotype, due to the administrative nature of the RAMQ database. Also, Quebec's public drug insurance plan covers ~40% of the Quebec population. Therefore, use of immunosuppressant medications or biologics may have been underestimated in our study population, precluding a precise estimate as to the effect of these medications on cancer development in IBD. Finally, considering the significance of IBD duration as a risk factor for cancer, the relatively short follow-up time in our study may not have been sufficient to observe the development of cancer among the patients in our cohort.
In addition to demonstrating an elevated risk of cancer in IBD, as shown elsewhere, the results of our study highlight the clinical profile of IBD patients in Quebec, as well as the characteristics that may be associated with cancer development in IBD. Moreover, we observed significant temporal trends in the rates of cancers over time. We expect that these findings will inform the management of IBD and associated cancer outcomes, although further studies with longer follow-up are needed to affirm these results, as well as to explore the impact of comorbid conditions on the risk of cancer in IBD.
This research was funded by an operating grant [#396849] from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research [CIHR].
None declared.
SL was involved in the concept and design of the study, analysis, interpretation of data, and was responsible for drafting the manuscript; MV, AB and PLL were involved in interpretation of data and critically revising the manuscript; LA and SS were involved in the statistical analysis, interpretation of data, revising and editing the manuscript; PB was involved in the concept and design of the study, interpretation of data, and drafting and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
PLL was supported by the CAS Research Fund of the Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre.
By Simone Y Loo; Maria Vutcovici; Alain Bitton; Peter L Lakatos; Laurent Azoulay; Samy Suissa and Paul Brassard
Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author
Paul Brassard, MD MSc., Centre for Clinical Epidemiology H-424, Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 chemin de la Côte St-Catherine, Montreal [Quebec] H3T 1E2, Canada. Tel: [