Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
The Lancet Publishing Group, 2021
Online
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Zugriff:
Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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| Autor/in / Beteiligte Person: | Rahman, Mosiur ; Salah, Rehab ; Mario F P Peres ; Iacoviello, Licia ; Benjamin A Stark ; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib ; Radfar, Amir ; Kamarul Imran Musa ; Béjot, Yannick ; Anderlini, Deanna ; Cantú-Brito, Carlos ; Sha, Feng ; Nwatah, V. E. ; Gyanwali, Pradip ; Bikbov, Boris ; Miazgowski, Bartosz ; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana ; Bijani, Ali ; Imteyaz A Khan ; Mokhayeri, Yaser ; Oancea, Bogdan ; Parekh, Tarang ; Dichgans, Martin ; Linh Gia Vu ; Yonemoto, Naohiro ; Ghashghaee, Ahmad ; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone ; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye ; Pathak, Mona ; Banach, Maciej ; Marissa B Reitsma ; Derrick A Bennett ; Treska S Hassan ; Seylani, Allen ; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady ; Elgendy, Islam Y. ; Hassan Mehmood Lak ; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. ; Hostiuc, Sorin ; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam ; Goulart, Alessandra C. ; Schiavolin, Silvia ; Sacco, Simona ; Atif Amin Baig ; Majeed, Azeem ; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar ; Badr Hasan Sobaih ; Boloor, Archith ; Bonny, Aimé ; Hankey, Graeme J. ; Jiregna Darega Gela ; Mohamed I Hegazy ; Keshavarz, Pedram ; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye ; Khan, Maseer ; Hatem Abdelaziz Mohamed Wafa ; Lin, Hualiang ; Enayet Karim Chowdhury ; Hay, Simon I. ; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora ; Liu, Xuefeng ; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy ; Zamanian, Maryam ; Kisa, Sezer ; Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan ; Junmei Miao Jonasson ; Raggi, Alberto ; Jayaram, Shubha ; Ashraf, Tahira ; Ejaz Ahmad Khan ; Endres, Matthias ; Sadeghi, Masoumeh ; Vervoort, Dominique ; Hanadi Al Hamad ; Househ, Mowafa ; Gnedovskaya, Elena V. ; Ärnlöv, Johan ; Andrea Sylvia Winkler ; Khader, Yousef ; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin ; Guo, Yuming ; Zhang, Yunquan ; Almustanyir, Sami ; Dandona, Lalit ; Amir Masoud Rahmani ; Chythra R Rao ; Lucchetti, Giancarlo ; Ilic, Irena ; Barker-Collo, Suzanne ; Rathi, Priya ; Emerito Jose A. Faraon ; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani ; Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh ; Gyu Ri Kim ; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela ; Makki, Alaa ; Yun Jin Kim ; Abedi, Vida ; Li, Shanshan ; Krishan, Kewal ; Flood, David ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah ; Romoli, Michele ; Roth, Gregory A. ; Khubchandani, Jagdish ; Benseñor, Isabela M. ; Desai, Rupak ; Shannawaz, Mohammed ; Sheikh, Aziz ; Herteliu, Claudiu ; Xu, Xiaoyue ; Martini, Santi ; Shibuya, Kenji ; Singh, Jasvinder A. ; Ravi Prakash Jha ; Davletov, Kairat ; Beheshti, Mahya ; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah ; Yunusa, Ismaeel ; Maria Inês Schmidt ; Dalal, Koustuv ; Ahmad, Sohail ; Katoto, Patrick D. M. C. ; Adebayo, Oladimeji ; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima ; Jayawardena, Ranil ; Mazzaglia, Giampiero ; Abbasifard, Mitra ; Iqbal, Usman ; Hamid Yimam Hassen ; Rafiei, Alireza ; Johnson, Catherine O. ; Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone ; Giampaoli, Simona ; Isola, Gaetano ; Ricardo Lutzky Saute ; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal ; Renjith, Vishnu ; Farzadfar, Farshad ; Filip, Irina ; Diaz, Daniel ; Karch, André ; Hamidi, Samer ; Diego Augusto Santos Silva ; Colozza, David ; Kayode, Gbenga A. ; Chu, Dinh-Toi ; Pham, Truong-Minh ; Arielle Wilder Bell ; Rezapour, Aziz ; David Laith Rawaf ; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia ; Yves Miel H Zuniga ; Iavicoli, Ivo ; Pana, Adrian ; Rawaf, Salman ; Bhardwaj, Pankaj ; Dadras, Omid ; Ullah, Anayat ; Agarwal, Gina ; Mohammed, Shafiu ; Hwang, Bing-Fang ; Eyayou Girma Tadesse ; Charles D.A. Wolfe ; Basu, Sanjay ; Brauer, Michael ; Kanchan, Tanuj ; Ahmad Azam Malik ; Unim, Brigid ; Min Seo Kim ; Vosoughi, Kia ; Miazgowski, Tomasz ; Lo, Warren D. ; Podder, Vivek ; Bryazka, Dana ; Yu, Chuanhua ; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek ; Akinyemi, Rufus ; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang ; Beghi, Ettore ; Dai, Xiaochen ; Dhimal, Meghnath ; Samaei, Mehrnoosh ; Sathish Kumar Jayapal ; Vo, Bay ; Amanual Getnet Mersha ; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa ; Lasrado, Savita ; Arabloo, Jalal ; Lavados, Pablo M. ; Akbarpour, Samaneh ; Hayat, Khezar ; Menezes, Ritesh G. ; Alipour, Vahid ; Rao, Sowmya J. ; Molokhia, Mariam ; Trang Huyen Nguyen ; Schutte, Aletta E. ; Kamiab, Zahra ; Morawska, Lidia ; Mohammad Ali Moni ; Norrving, Bo ; Vasankari, Tommi ; Bruno Ramos Nascimento ; Koyanagi, Ai ; Wijeratne, Tissa ; Kalani, Rizwan ; Zhong, Chenwen ; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ; Ahmadi, Sepideh ; Bruce Bartholow Duncan ; Rynkiewicz, Andrzej ; Agasthi, Pradyumna ; Shahabi, Saeed ; Kisa, Adnan ; Alahdab, Fares ; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa ; Ansar, Adnan ; Leonardi, Matilde ; Koolivand, Ali ; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez ; Roever, Leonardo ; Daniel Asfaw Erku ; Atreya, Alok ; Jean Jacques Noubiap ; Kolte, Dhaval ; Shajedur Rahman Shawon ; Ekholuenetale, Michael ; Manafi, Navid ; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy ; Syed Amir Gilani ; Gad, Mohamed M. ; Christopher J L Murray ; Jacob, Louis ; Ancuceanu, Robert ; Costanzo, Simona ; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. ; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari ; Rajai, Nazanin ; Elhadi, Muhammed ; Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk ; Zandifar, Alireza ; Muruet, Walter ; Jagadish Rao Padubidri ; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty ; Orru, Hans ; Jürisson, Mikk ; Gupta, Rajeev ; Kurnia Dwi Artanti ; Bärnighausen, Till ; Woodward, Mark ; Iwagami, Masao ; Sathian, Brijesh ; Li, Bingyu ; Krishnamoorthy, Vijay ; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan ; Ghozy, Sherief ; Thrift, Amanda G. ; Piradov, Michael A. ; Fischer, Florian ; Owolabi, Mayowa O. ; Mantovani, Lorenzo G. ; Aman Yesuf Endries ; Sheikhbahaei, Sara ; Lorkowski, Stefan ; Muhammed Shahriar Zaman ; Yadollahpour, Ali ; Hashi, Abdiwahab ; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy ; Bhattacharyya, Krittika ; Yatsuya, Hiroshi ; Kivimäki, Mika ; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi ; Irmina Maria Michalek ; Ruxandra Irina Negoi ; Catapano, Alberico L. ; Bazmandegan, Gholamreza ; Ahmed Al Montasir ; Rahim, Fakher ; Sahebkar, Amirhossein ; Syed Mohamed Aljunid ; Giang Thu Vu ; G Anil Kumar ; Juan Jesus Carrero ; Iso, Hiroyasu ; Samy, Abdallah M. ; Stortecky, Stefan ; Malekzadeh, Reza ; Kamath, Ashwin ; Nevine El Nahas ; Humayun, Ayesha ; Miguel A Barboza ; Chung, Sheng-Chia ; Carlo La Vecchia ; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya ; Krishnamurthi, Rita ; Masood Ali Shaikh ; Ilic, Milena ; Yadav, Lalit ; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail ; Douiri, Abdel ; Mohammad, Yousef ; Jason H Y Wu ; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam ; Holla, Ramesh ; Sepanlou, Sadaf G. ; Santos, Itamar S. ; Jonas, Jost B. ; Kusuma, Dian ; Meretoja, Atte ; Waheed, Yasir ; Lacey, Ben ; Aryan, Zahra ; Mulugeta Molla Birhanu ; Moien Ab Khan ; Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M. ; Zand, Ramin ; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina ; Sung In Jang ; Dandona, Rakhi ; D'Amico, Emanuele ; Ranasinghe, Priyanga ; Charan, Jaykaran ; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran ; Sattin, Davide ; Pourshams, Akram ; Schlaich, Markus P. ; Hargono, Arief ; Asgari, Samaneh ; Baltatu, Ovidiu ; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo ; Sandhya Neupane Kandel ; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal ; Morze, Jakub ; Man Mohan Mehndiratta ; Tripathi, Manjari ; Jeemon, Panniyammakal ; Kalhor, Rohollah ; Kalkonde, Yogeshwar ; Siabani, Soraya ; Sojib Bin Zaman ; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani ; Gaidhane, Shilpa ; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz ; Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih ; Samath D Dharmaratne ; Ingan Ukur Tarigan ; Gupta, Vivek ; Dokova, Klara ; Vakilian, Alireza ; Jain, Vardhmaan ; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula ; Sarah Wulf Hanson ; Farooque, Umar ; Mohammad Ali Mansournia ; Vera Marisa Costa ; Gialluisi, Alessandro ; Feigin, Valery L. ; Kandel, Himal ; Polinder, Suzanne ; Ghith, Nermin ; Dhamnetiya, Deepak ; Criqui, Michael H. ; Hanif, Asif ; Abualhasan, Ahmed ; Veer Bala Gupta ; Golechha, Mahaveer ; Bach Xuan Tran ; Anderson, Jason A. ; Bisignano, Catherine ; Yamagishi, Kazumasa ; Zahid A Butt ; Aji, Budi ; Dagnew, Baye ; Havmoeller, Rasmus ; Volovici, Victor ; Singh, Jitendra ; Gill, Paramjit ; Stranges, Saverio ; Eun Cheol Park ; Andrew T Olagunju ; Santric-Milicevic, Milena ; Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M. ; Alif, Sheikh M. ; Huang, Junjie ; Abd-Allah, Foad ; Teuschl, Yvonne ; Doshi, Rajkumar ; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson ; Ausloos, Marcel ; Naghavi, Mohsen ; Yusra Ahmed Salih ; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen ; Postma, Maarten J. ; Ghozali, Ghozali ; Wang, Yanzhong ; Mokdad, Ali H. ; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin ; Joseph, Nitin ; Renzaho, Andre M. N. ; Muhammad Aziz Rahman ; Athar, Mohammad ; Rustam Al-Shahi Salman ; Damasceno, Albertino ; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan ; Tonelli, Marcello ; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos ; Choudhari, Sonali G. ; Abdullah Hamid Feroze ; Johnson, Walter D. ; Lin, Ro-Ting ; Francesca Giulia Magnani ; Brenner, Hermann ; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I. ; Lallukka, Tea ; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh ; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak ; GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators ; Feigin, V. L. ; Stark, B. A. ; Johnson, C. O. ; Roth, G. A. ; Bisignano, C. ; Abady, G. G. ; Abbasifard, M. ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M. ; Abd-Allah, F. ; Abedi, V. ; Abualhasan, A. ; Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E. ; Abushouk, A. I. ; Adebayo, O. M. ; Agarwal, G. ; Agasthi, P. ; Ahinkorah, B. O. ; Ahmad, S. ; Ahmadi, S. ; Salih, Y. A. ; Aji, B. ; Akbarpour, S. ; Akinyemi, R. O. ; Al Hamad, H. ; Alahdab, F. ; Alif, S. M. ; Alipour, V. ; Aljunid, S. M. ; Almustanyir, S. ; Al-Raddadi, R. M. ; Salman, R. A. S. ; Alvis-Guzman, N. ; Ancuceanu, R. ; Anderlini, D. ; Anderson, J. A. ; Ansar, A. ; Antonazzo, I. C. ; Arabloo, J. ; Arnlov, J. ; Artanti, K. D. ; Aryan, Z. ; Asgari, S. ; Ashraf, T. ; Athar, M. ; Atreya, A. ; Ausloos, M. ; Baig, A. A. ; Baltatu, O. C. ; Banach, M. ; Barboza, M. A. ; Barker-Collo, S. L. ; Barnighausen, T. W. ; Barone, M. T. U. ; Basu, S. ; Bazmandegan, G. ; Beghi, E. ; Beheshti, M. ; Bejot, Y. ; Bell, A. W. ; Bennett, D. A. ; Bensenor, I. M. ; Bezabhe, W. M. ; Bezabih, Y. M. ; Bhagavathula, A. S. ; Bhardwaj, P. ; Bhattacharyya, K. ; Bijani, A. ; Bikbov, B. ; Birhanu, M. M. ; Boloor, A. ; Bonny, A. ; Brauer, M. ; Brenner, H. ; Bryazka, D. ; Butt, Z. A. ; Dos Santos, F. L. C. ; Campos-Nonato, I. R. ; Cantu-Brito, C. ; Carrero, J. J. ; Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. ; Catapano, A. L. ; Chakraborty, P. A. ; Charan, J. ; Choudhari, S. G. ; Chowdhury, E. K. ; Chu, D. T. ; Chung, S. C. ; Colozza, D. ; Costa, V. M. ; Costanzo, S. ; Criqui, M. H. ; Dadras, O. ; Dagnew, B. ; Dai, X. ; Dalal, K. ; Damasceno, A. A. M. ; D'Amico, E. ; Dandona, L. ; Dandona, R. ; Gela, J. D. ; Davletov, K. ; De La Cruz-Gongora, V. ; Desai, R. ; Dhamnetiya, D. ; Dharmaratne, S. D. ; Dhimal, M. L. ; Dhimal, M. ; Diaz, D. ; Dichgans, M. ; Dokova, K. ; Doshi, R. ; Douiri, A. ; Duncan, B. B. ; Eftekharzadeh, S. ; Ekholuenetale, M. ; El Nahas, N. ; Elgendy, I. Y. ; Elhadi, M. ; El-Jaafary, S. I. ; Endres, M. ; Endries, A. Y. ; Erku, D. A. ; Faraon, E. J. A. ; Farooque, U. ; Farzadfar, F. ; Feroze, A. H. ; Filip, I. ; Fischer, F. ; Flood, D. ; Gad, M. M. ; Gaidhane, S. ; Gheshlagh, R. G. ; Ghashghaee, A. ; Ghith, N. ; Ghozali, G. ; Ghozy, S. ; Gialluisi, A. ; Giampaoli, S. ; Gilani, S. A. ; Gill, P. S. ; Gnedovskaya, E. V. ; Golechha, M. ; Goulart, A. C. ; Guo, Y. ; Gupta, R. ; Gupta, V. B. ; Gupta, V. K. ; Gyanwali, P. ; Hafezi-Nejad, N. ; Hamidi, S. ; Hanif, A. ; Hankey, G. J. ; Hargono, A. ; Hashi, A. ; Hassan, T. S. ; Hassen, H. Y. ; Havmoeller, R. J. ; Hay, S. I. ; Hayat, K. ; Hegazy, M. I. ; Herteliu, C. ; Holla, R. ; Hostiuc, S. ; Househ, M. ; Huang, J. ; Humayun, A. ; Hwang, B. F. ; Iacoviello, L. ; Iavicoli, I. ; Ibitoye, S. E. ; Ilesanmi, O. S. ; Ilic, I. M. ; Ilic, M. D. ; Iqbal, U. ; Irvani, S. S. N. ; Islam, S. M. S. ; Ismail, N. E. ; Iso, H. ; Isola, G. ; Iwagami, M. ; Jacob, L. ; Jain, V. ; Jang, S. I. ; Jayapal, S. K. ; Jayaram, S. ; Jayawardena, R. ; Jeemon, P. ; Jha, R. P. ; Johnson, W. D. ; Jonas, J. B. ; Joseph, N. ; Jozwiak, J. J. ; Jurisson, M. ; Kalani, R. ; Kalhor, R. ; Kalkonde, Y. ; Kamath, A. ; Kamiab, Z. ; Kanchan, T. ; Kandel, H. ; Karch, A. ; Katoto, P. D. M. C. ; Kayode, G. A. ; Keshavarz, P. ; Khader, Y. S. ; Khan, E. A. ; Khan, I. A. ; Khan, M. ; Khan, M. A. B. ; Khatib, M. N. ; Khubchandani, J. ; Kim, G. R. ; Kim, M. S. ; Kim, Y. J. ; Kisa, A. ; Kisa, S. ; Kivimaki, M. ; Kolte, D. ; Koolivand, A. ; Laxminarayana, S. L. K. ; Koyanagi, A. ; Krishan, K. ; Krishnamoorthy, V. ; Krishnamurthi, R. V. ; Kumar, G. A. ; Kusuma, D. ; Vecchia, C. L. ; Lacey, B. ; Lak, H. M. ; Lallukka, T. ; Lasrado, S. ; Lavados, P. M. ; Leonardi, M. ; Li, B. ; Li, S. ; Lin, H. ; Lin, R. T. ; Liu, X. ; Lo, W. D. ; Lorkowski, S. ; Lucchetti, G. ; Saute, R. L. ; Abd El Razek, H. M. ; Magnani, F. G. ; Mahajan, P. B. ; Majeed, A. ; Makki, A. ; Malekzadeh, R. ; Malik, A. A. ; Manafi, N. ; Mansournia, M. A. ; Mantovani, L. G. ; Martini, S. ; Mazzaglia, G. ; Mehndiratta, M. M. ; Menezes, R. G. ; Meretoja, A. ; Mersha, A. G. ; Jonasson, J. M. ; Miazgowski, B. ; Miazgowski, T. ; Michalek, I. M. ; Mirrakhimov, E. M. ; Mohammad, Y. ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. ; Mohammed, S. ; Mokdad, A. H. ; Mokhayeri, Y. ; Molokhia, M. ; Moni, M. A. ; Al Montasir, A. ; Moradzadeh, R. ; Morawska, L. ; Morze, J. ; Muruet, W. ; Musa, K. I. ; Nagarajan, A. J. ; Naghavi, M. ; Swamy, S. N. ; Nascimento, B. R. ; Negoi, R. I. ; Kandel, S. N. ; Nguyen, T. H. ; Norrving, B. ; Noubiap, J. J. ; Oancea, B. ; Odukoya, O. O. ; Olagunju, A. T. ; Orru, H. ; Owolabi, M. O. ; Padubidri, J. R. ; Pana, A. ; Parekh, T. ; Park, E. C. ; Kan, F. P. ; Pathak, M. ; Peres, M. F. P. ; Perianayagam, A. ; Pham, T. M. ; Piradov, M. A. ; Podder, V. ; Polinder, S. ; Postma, M. J. ; Pourshams, A. ; Radfar, A. ; Rafiei, A. ; Raggi, A. ; Rahim, F. ; Rahimi-Movaghar, V. ; Rahman, M. ; Rahman, M. A. ; Rahmani, A. M. ; Rajai, N. ; Ranasinghe, P. ; Rao, C. R. ; Rao, S. J. ; Rathi, P. ; Rawaf, D. L. ; Rawaf, S. ; Reitsma, M. B. ; Renjith, V. ; Renzaho, A. M. N. ; Rezapour, A. ; Rodriguez, J. A. B. ; Roever, L. ; Romoli, M. ; Rynkiewicz, A. ; Sacco, S. ; Sadeghi, M. ; Moghaddam, S. S. ; Sahebkar, A. ; Salah, R. ; Samaei, M. ; Samy, A. M. ; Santos, I. S. ; Santric-Milicevic, M. M. ; Sarrafzadegan, N. ; Sathian, B. ; Sattin, D. ; Schiavolin, S. ; Schlaich, M. P. ; Schmidt, M. I. ; Schutte, A. E. ; Sepanlou, S. G. ; Seylani, A. ; Sha, F. ; Shahabi, S. ; Shaikh, M. A. ; Shannawaz, M. ; Shawon, Md. S. R. ; Sheikh, A. ; Sheikhbahaei, S. ; Shibuya, K. ; Siabani, S. ; Silva, D. A. 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L. ; Health, Public ; Neurosurgery ; Department of Public Health ; University of Helsinki ; Faculty of Medicine ; Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ) ; Neurocenter, HUS ; yksikkö, Neurologian ; Helsinki University Hospital Area ; Feigin, V ; Stark, B ; Johnson, C ; Roth, G ; Bisignano, C ; Abady, G ; Abbasifard, M ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abedi, V ; Abualhasan, A ; Abu-Rmeileh, N ; Abushouk, A ; Adebayo, O ; Agarwal, G ; Agasthi, P ; Ahinkorah, B ; Ahmad, S ; Ahmadi, S ; Salih, Y ; Aji, B ; Akbarpour, S ; Akinyemi, R ; Al Hamad, H ; Alahdab, F ; Alif, S ; Alipour, V ; Aljunid, S ; Almustanyir, S ; Al-Raddadi, R ; Salman, R ; Alvis-Guzman, N ; Ancuceanu, R ; Anderlini, D ; Anderson, J ; Ansar, A ; Antonazzo, I ; Arabloo, J ; Arnlov, J ; Artanti, K ; Aryan, Z ; Asgari, S ; Ashraf, T ; Athar, M ; Atreya, A ; Ausloos, M ; Baig, A ; Baltatu, O ; Banach, M ; Barboza, M ; Barker-Collo, S ; Barnighausen, T ; Barone, M ; Basu, S ; Bazmandegan, G ; Beghi, E ; Beheshti, M ; Bejot, Y ; 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Tsegaye, G ; Ullah, A ; Unim, B ; Unnikrishnan, B ; Vakilian, A ; Tahbaz, S ; Vasankari, T ; Venketasubramanian, N ; Vervoort, D ; Vo, B ; Volovici, V ; Vosoughi, K ; Vu, G ; Vu, L ; Wafa, H ; Waheed, Y ; Wang, Y ; Wijeratne, T ; Winkler, A ; Wolfe, C ; Woodward, M ; Wu, J ; Hanson, S ; Xu, X ; Yadav, L ; Yadollahpour, A ; Jabbari, S ; Yamagishi, K ; Yatsuya, H ; Yonemoto, N ; Yu, C ; Yunusa, I ; Zaman, M ; Zaman, S ; Zamanian, M ; Zand, R ; Zandifar, A ; Zastrozhin, M ; Zastrozhina, A ; Zhang, Y ; Zhang, Z ; Zhong, C ; Zuniga, Y ; Murray, C ; Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE) ; Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET) ; Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD) |
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| Veröffentlichung: | The Lancet Publishing Group, 2021 |
| Medientyp: | unknown |
| ISSN: | 1474-4422 (print) |
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