<The Ngái in Vietnam: The History, Religion, and Ethnicity of the Minority People of Hakka Origin>'We Are Not the Hoa': Vietnamese State Policies towards the 'Chinese' in Vietnam and the Modern History of the Ngai Living in Northern Rural Areas

北部山間部省の農村に住む「ガイ」と自称する人たちの身分証明書の民族名欄には, 「ホア(華人)」と記されている. 「ガイ」という民族が, 一民族として認められているにもかかわらず, である. ベトナムに移住してきて最低3世代以上がたっていたかれらの中には, ベトミンの独立運動に協力する者も珍しくなかったが, 1978-79年に中越関係が悪化した際, 中国に起源をもつ者としてベトナムの排斥政策の対象となり, 公職から追われ, 中国に帰国する者が数多く出た. その後も, さまざまな差別政策の犠牲となってきたが, 21世紀に入り, 中国広西でのさとうきび伐採のための労働力需要を満たすため, 78-79年に中国へ渡った人々との間の親族ネットワークを利用して, 密出国出稼ぎにいくルートをつくりだした. この出稼ぎネットワークは, 他の少数民族や多数派のキン(ベト)人をもまきこみ, ベトナム北部全域に及ぶようになっている. 本稿ではかれらの個人史を通じて, ベトナムの排斥政策が, 中国との関係が切れていたガイの人々に中国とのネットワークを新たにつくらせた皮肉な歴史を描く.

In Vietnam, people must belong to one of the 54 ethnic groups recognized by the state. In the agricultural hilly area in the north, nearly 100, 000 people are self-proclaimed Ngai, who speak a kind of Hakka language. Though the state accommodated the new category'Ngai´ to pull them apart from China during the Chinese-Vietnamese War in 1979, the cadres in the rural area compelled the Ngai people to register themselves as Hoa, as they regard the people with Chinese-origin as Hoa. According to the Statistics Bureau of Vietnam, only around 1, 000 people are recognized as Ngai. In this study, I consider the difficulty faced by one ethnic group to live in country A, which conflicts with country B, to which they originally belong. To this end, I clarify the life histories of the self-proclaiming Ngai. They are publicly regarded as reactionary in nature, but many Ngai cooperated with the Viet Minh and did not leave Vietnam even in 1978-79. As discriminatory policies were implemented without public knowledge, the Ngai faced severe hardships in the 20th century. Recently, however, the young Ngai are pioneering their way to a better life by going to work in China, using the new network that was established during the war.