Understanding the liquid jet break-up in various regimes at elevated pressure using a compressible VOF-LPT coupled framework

The present work develops a compressible VOF-LPT coupled solver in OpenFOAM and utilizes it to simulate a LJICF numerically. This methodology helps accurately predict a complex primary breakup in the Eulerian framework and the secondary atomization of spherical droplets using a computationally efficient LPT method. The coupled solver with AMR is rigorously validated for a liquid jet in crossflow at varying operating conditions. We have further carried out a thorough investigation to study the effect of momentum flux ratio and weber number on the various flow features and liquid jet break-up phenomenon in a crossflow while identifying the stream-wise location of the liquid jet breakup region. At low momentum flux ratios in the bag breakup regime, the predictions reveal that the liquid jet breakup occurs due to the growth of similar instability as usually observed in the high-speed liquid sheet atomization. The short wavelength assumption of the inviscid dispersion relation resembles the Kelvin-Helmholtz type instability observed in this case, as opposed to Rayleigh-Taylor instability at high momentum flux ratio in the surface breakup regime. It is also proposed that the shear breakup along the transverse edges of the liquid column occurs due to the shear layer instability of the air passing around the liquid column. The simulation wavelength closely matches the Williamson correlation for shear layer instability around cylinders: a shape similar to the cross-section of the bottom of the liquid column. The results show a distinct streamer or bifurcation phenomenon at low momentum flux ratios and moderate weber numbers. Further investigation suggests that the internal liquid boundary layer and the three-dimensional flow field behind the liquid jet are responsible for streamer formation.