Legal and Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in the Health Field ; Implications juridiques et éthiques des algorithmes d'intelligence artificielle dans le domaine de la santé

International audience ; Artificial Intelligence (AI) is invading our daily lives and the health field, notably to help with diagnosis, makes therapeutic choices or even to aim for precise predictive medicine. Absent from the French bioethics law of July 7, 2011, AI was very present during the "États Généraux" accompanying the revision of the law in 2018. The profusion of ethical guides or recommendations on AI (soft law), motivated by the need to win the trust of users, encourages us to be concerned about their normative force, in connection with the legal texts promulgated since the entry into action on 25 May 2018 of the GDPR (regulation 2016/679/EU general regulation on the protection of personal data). A joint analysis of these texts, of the AI algorithms deployed and of concrete applications in health, enables us to consider the main ethical and legal questions raised in this field: the principle of free and informed consent of the patient faced to the opacity of algorithms, potential risks of discrimination in access to care, public interest or common good expected from research in comparison with risks incurred by opening access to personal data. The responses lead to ethical or regulatory recommendations that are essential for the transparency of these tools: drastic protection of health data, particularly genetic data, and their uses, rigorous research practices to produce reproducible and therefore scientific results, detection of biases before certification of health devices and clarification of the patient information protocol. ; L'Intelligence Artificielle (IA) envahit nos quotidiens et le domaine de la santé notamment pour aider au diagnostic, faire des choix thérapeutiques ou encore viser une médecine prédictive de précision. Absente de la loi française de bioéthique du 7 juillet 2011, l'IA fut très présente lors des États Généraux accompagnant la révision de la loi en 2018. La profusion de guides ou recommandations éthiques sur l'IA (soft law), motivées par la nécessité de conquérir la confiance ...