Boosting water evaporation via continuous formation of a 3D thin film through triple-level super-wicking routesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Calculation of the theoretical heat transfer coefficient of thin film evaporation, solar-vapor conversion efficiency, heat loss, and fabrication cost; water mass changes over time of the pristine copper, nanostructured microcone surface, and microcone surface in dark ambient conditions; wicking process, morphologies, water film states and wicking performance of the micro-nano cone surface; absorption spectra, surface atomic ratios and evaporation rate of the MES and the TWES; temperature variation and cycles over time of the TWES; performance of the TWES in outdoor test and in saline. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00548h

Boosting water evaporation via continuous formation of a 3D thin film through triple-level super-wicking routesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Calculation of the theoretical heat transfer coefficient of thin film evaporation, solar-vapor conversion efficiency, heat loss, and fabrication cost; water mass changes over time of the pristine copper, nanostructured microcone surface, and microcone surface in dark ambient conditions; wicking process, morphologies, water film states and wicking performance of the micro-nano cone surface; absorption spectra, surface atomic ratios and evaporation rate of the MES and the TWES; temperature variation and cycles over time of the TWES; performance of the TWES in outdoor test and in saline. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00548h