Development and evaluation of a high loading PM2.5 speciation sampler

A high loading sampler for the chemical characterization of fine particles (PM2.5) was developed and validated through laboratory and field experiments. This speciation sampler consists of two identical serially connected impaction stages to remove particles larger than 2.5 μm, following by a chamber to allow use of one or two all-glass honeycomb diffusion denuders, and a holder for a 47 mm filter. Two configurations of the sampler allow sampling at flows of 10 lpm and 16.7 lpm. System performance was evaluated in laboratory experiments using artificially generated polydisperse aerosols. This novel sampler provides a much larger mass loading capacity than previous impactors that use flat, rigid substrate surfaces. The polyurethane foam (PUF) substrate maintains adequate performance characteristics (retention of size cut-off, sharpness of cut-off curve, and minimal particle bounce and re-entrainments) at loadings of at least 35 mg. This is equivalent to 728 μg/m3 for a 48 h sampling period (or 500 h of sampling at 70 μg/m3). System performance was also evaluated in a series of field intercomparison experiments for both flow configurations (10 and 16.7 lpm). Measurements of PM2.5 mass and sulfate concentrations showed excellent agreement between the US EPA Federal Reference Method (FRM) Sampler and the speciation sampler.