Introduction: Contraceptive dynamics is the use of contraception, unmet need, discontinuation, and/or switching of contraception. Women with disabilities (WWDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a common problem: a low prevalence of contraceptive usage and a high unmet need. Even though certain studies have been conducted in high-income countries, research is scarce on the degree of contraceptive method mix, unmet needs, contraception discontinuation, and switching among WWDs in LMICs. As a result, the scoping review's goal is to investigate, map available evidence, and identify knowledge gaps on contraceptive dynamics within LMICs WWDs. Methods: The scoping review is guided by the six-stage Arksey and O'Malley methodology framework. Published articles will be retrieved from databases such as PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Global Health. Grey literature databases will be searched using electronic search engines such as Google Scholar, Google, OpenGrey, and Worldcat. In addition, a manual search of reference lists from recognized studies will be conducted, as well as a hand search of the literature. Any type of study design (e.g., randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control or nested case-control studies, qualitative, cross-sectional studies) will be included in this scoping review. There will be no restrictions on publication year. Two independent reviewers will screen relevant publications, and data will be charted accordingly. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist and reporting guidelines will be used to report all parts of the protocol and scoping review. Discussion: When compared to non-disabled women, WWDs had a lower prevalence of contraceptive usage and a higher unmet need in LMICs. Despite these facts, they are the most marginalized people on the planet. This is, therefore, critical to map available evidence and identify knowledge gaps on contraceptive dynamics. As a result, the findings of this scoping review will be significant in terms of the contraceptive dynamic among WWDs in LMICs. Systematic review registration: Open Science Framework (OSF), with registration number; DOI/10.17605/OSF.IO/XCKPT.
Keywords: Women; Disability; Contraceptive Dynamics; Low- and middle-income countries
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02214-4.
The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) describes a disability as any impairment of physical structures and functions and restrictions on activity and participation [[
PWDs are frequently viewed as one of the most excluded and marginalized groups in society [[
Contraceptive dynamics is the use of contraception, unmet need, discontinuation, and/or switching of contraception [[
Due to their limited access to family planning (FP) clinics, information, and services, disabled women do not make advantage of the services offered by FP clinics [[
Contraception can lessen chronic hunger and poverty by preventing unplanned pregnancies and lowering fertility rates. It can also increase access to high-quality education, raise gender equality, improve maternal health, and minimize childhood mortality. It can also help to ensure the long-term use of natural resources, as well as slow down the rate of climate change and lessen the frequency and severity of conflicts around the world by minimizing the amount of resource competition brought on by population expansion [[
Because PWDs are viewed as asexual and unlikely to get married or have children, disability is one of the biggest obstacles to using reproductive health (RH) services, particularly family planning (FP), in sub-Saharan Africa. When it comes to the number of women who desire to space out, limit, or stop having children, WWDs have a significant unmet need for FP. The few local area studies on the RH of WWDs in LMICs show that WWDs are neglected and excluded from contraceptive availability and services in comparison to normal women [[
A thorough examination of the evidence of contraceptive dynamics among WWDs, as well as the amount of application and effectiveness of contraceptive services in LMICs, is critical in determining the emphasis of future research on the disabled population. Scanning the corpus of literature on a given issue, summarizing and distributing research findings, identifying research gaps, and offering recommendations for future study are all essential purposes of scoping reviews. This scoping review aims to improve our understanding of contraceptive use, unmet needs, switching, and discontinuation among WWDs in LMICs. The findings of this study will allow researchers to assess the scope and diversity of research on contraceptive dynamics among WWDs in LMICs.
The main objective of the proposed scoping review is to identify, explore and map the available evidence on contraceptive use, unmet need, switching, discontinuation, and current contraceptive care models among WWDs in LMICs. It is anticipated that the results of a scoping review will inform governments and policymakers of the FP services required by WWDs in LMICs and identify gaps for further research.
This protocol is for a scoping review of literature reporting on contraceptive dynamics among WWDs in LMICs. The procedures specified by Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology, as well as Levac et al.'s and Peters et al.'s scoping methodology enhancement recommendations [[
The main research question is "What is known about the contraceptive dynamics and models of contraceptive care among WWDs in LMICs?" This question would allow us to review and capture the full scope of existing literature while also allowing for the addition or modification of guiding research topics in an iterative manner.
The following sub-questions will be addressed:
- What forms of contraceptive dynamics on WWDs have been studied in LMICs so far?
- Where were contraceptive dynamics studies conducted in LMICs?
- What types of disabilities have been included in the studies?
- What is the prevalence of contraceptive use among WWDs in LMICs, as well as unmet needs, contraceptive discontinuation, and switching of contraceptive use?
- What are the challenges faced by WWDs to access contraceptive services?
The Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework, as recommended by updated methodological guidance for the scoping review by Peter et al. [[
Table 1 PCC framework
Population Reproductive-age women with disabilities (15–49 years of age) Concept Contraceptive dynamics. This includes contraceptive use, unmet need, switching, and discontinuation Disability defined by WHO ICF as disability is any impairment in body functions and structures, limitations in activity, and restriction in participation. Context Low- and middle-income countries
For studies to be included, they must meet the following criteria:
- Focus on WWDs of reproductive age groups
- Studies focus on contraceptive use, unmet need, switching and discontinuation, and models of contraceptive care
- Include participants from LMICs
- No time of restriction
- Any type of study design (e.g., randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control or nested case-control studies, qualitative, and cross-sectional studies)
- Published in the English language
Studies will be excluded if they have any of the following characteristics.
- Studies focus on women without disabilities
- Studies do not focus on contraceptive use, unmet need, switching, and discontinuation and models of contraceptive care
- Studies that do not include participants or studies from LMICs
- Studies published other than in the English language
- Studies where the full-text article could not be obtained
The following databases will be searched for eligible studies: PubMed (MEDLINE), CINAHL, Cochrane databases, and Global Health will be searched for articles that are not indexed in PubMed. We will additionally explore a range of grey literature sources to ensure that other important information is gathered. We will look through grey literature resources (including Google Scholar, Google, OpenGrey, and WorldCat) to find research, reports, and conference abstracts that are relevant to this review.
In addition, we will manually search the reference lists of all relevant material. A library will be created for this review using EndNote x9 referencing software. The results of the search will be downloaded into a citation manager and imported into an EndNote library for further inspection and duplication detection.
We used different synonyms of LMICs and the World Bank Country and Lending Groups June 2020 fiscal year list of LMICs (https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/newcountry-classifications-income-level-2019-2020). The Literature search will be conducted by experienced research team members. GAF and AAM are an expert and trainers of literature searches and systematic reviews. GAB has completed a 5-day intensive training on literature searches and systematic reviews. Moreover, we will be using established methods to ensure the quality of the literature search, screening, and information charting. The search strategy will be piloted to check the appropriateness of keywords and databases. The electronic database search will be recorded in a table. A draft is provided in Table 2.
Table 2 Electronic database searches
Electronic database Key words to be searched PubMed "women" [All Fields] OR "women" [MeSH Terms] OR "reproductive age" [All Fields] OR "15-49 years" [All Fields] "Dynami*" [All Fields] OR "dynami*" [MeSH Terms] OR "Utilizatio*" [All Fields] OR "utilizatio*" [MeSH Terms] OR "use" [All Fields] OR "practic*" [MeSH Terms] OR "practic*" [All Fields] OR "unmet nee*" [All Fields] OR "discontinuatio*"[All Fields] OR "dis-continuatio*" [All Fields] OR "switchin*" [All Fields] OR "chang*" [All Fields] OR "chang*" [MeSH Terms]
The review process will consist of two levels of screening: (
For the first level screening, two researchers will independently screen each retrieved citation's title and abstract for inclusion using a set of minimum inclusion criteria. Before starting the abstract review, the criteria will be tested on a sample of abstracts to make sure they are strong enough to capture any papers that might pertain to contraceptive dynamics. The full-text review will contain articles that are deemed relevant by either or both reviewers. In the second step, the two investigators will then independently assess the full-text articles to determine if they meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Any discordant full-text publications will be re-evaluated, and any remaining issues concerning research eligibility will be resolved by discussion at the full-text review stage. At this point, a third reviewer may be called to help resolve any disagreements. The selection process will follow the recommendations in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) chart [[
Graph: Fig. 1 PRISMA-ScR flow diagram of literatures to be searched
Reviewers will get together at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the abstract review process to discuss any problems or ambiguities with study selection and to go back and adjust the search strategy as necessary. Throughout the duration of the evaluation process, the number of studies that were included and excluded will be recorded. A calibration experiment will be conducted on 20 randomly chosen papers before screening and charting to ensure team consensus. A statistical measure will be used to evaluate the internal validity and inter-rater reliability of the selection method used in our study. It has been determined that a threshold of 80% agreement between coders is acceptable [[
The study team created a data-collecting instrument to retrieve data from the included studies for both the contraceptive dynamic and the model of contraception care. The team built the data charting form together and decided on the variables and level of detail of the data to be extracted. The study team will pilot the tool before the start of the review to ensure that it appropriately captures the information.
The data will be abstracted by two independent reviewers, and the abstracted data will be compared. The handling of any discrepancies will guarantee that the reviewers are on the same page. According to the recommendations made by Arksey and O'Malley and Peters et al. for the scoping review, the data mining process will include descriptive analytical techniques that transparently summarize and synthesize information. Based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review manual [[
Table 3 Data charting form
Author and date Country of origin Aim or purpose of the study Study setting Study population (type of disability) Sampling method Study design Data collection methods Data analysis Key findings Contraceptive dynamics; contraceptive use, unmet need, switching and discontinuation of contraceptive use
We will present stage five in three discrete parts, as recommended by Levac et al.: assessing the data, reporting results, and applying meaning to the results [[
Finally, we will give an overview of the research field and where it is at right now, as well as the gaps that exist. Over the course of 3 months, the review team plans to conduct preliminary searches and complete literature searches, screening, and data charting. The results will then be gathered, summarized, and reported.
Consultation, according to Arksey and O'Malley, enhances methodological rigor. Once the early findings from stage five have been produced, seeking stakeholders' opinions (policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in Ethiopia) and their thoughts on applying the results to the scoping study would be considered.
Since it is not a typical requirement of scoping reviews, we will not perform a quality assessment of the papers to be evaluated [[
PWDs are among the most socially and economically disadvantaged groups in the world [[
WWDs showed a lower prevalence of contraceptive use and a higher unmet need as compared to non-disabled women in low- and middle-income countries. In WWDs, the prevalence of contraception ranged from 13 to 31.1%, with 24.3% of unmet needs [[
In order to reduce high unmet needs and contraception failure, it is essential to design a contraception model of care to support access to contraception. It is crucial to map the current research and pinpoint knowledge gaps regarding the dynamics of contraception among WWDs. The results of this scoping review will therefore be important for understanding contraception dynamics among WWDs in LMICs.
To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review that will provide a complete overview and insight on contraceptive dynamics among WWDs in LMICs. This review's strength will be its ability to clearly identify existing knowledge gaps on contraceptive dynamics while employing a transparent and repeatable procedure. The review's limitation is that only English literature will reflect a portion of the study done in LMICs. It will, however, make every effort to present a clear picture of contraceptive dynamics in LMICs, regardless of publication year or status.
This will be the first scoping review of its sort and will describe the various types of evidence in contraceptive dynamics, delineate key concepts in the literature, provide good insight into contraception care models, and assess evidence gaps in LMICs.
Researchers will be able to identify any knowledge gaps using the findings. The findings of this scoping study will be applied to direct further investigations into the contraceptive dynamics in Ethiopia and other LMICs. No ethical approval is needed for this project because the scoping review approach uses publicly available materials to review and collect data [[
The suggested scoping review is viable, attainable, and timely, in our opinion. At local, national, and worldwide conferences, we will develop presentations to distribute findings to key stakeholder and end-user groups. Our findings will also be published in a peer-reviewed journal. We reviewed the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews to see if any review protocols on the same issue had been registered (PROSPERO). This scoping review protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) database @osf.io/7btvn with the registration number DOI/10.17605/OSF.IO/XCKPT because PROSPERO is not presently accepting scoping review protocols for registration.
We appreciate the facilities provided by the University of Gondar in facilitating this protocol.
The contributor's statement should be revised as "GAB, GAF, and AAM" contributed to generating the concept of the review. GAB drafted the protocol. SMA, GAF, AAM, and BMG helped to edit the protocol. GAF and SMA edited the language. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript for submission."
The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Not applicable.
This study consists of published studies and not individual data from human or animal participants.
This study does not contain any person's data.
There are no financial or non-financial competing interests to declare.
Graph: Additional file 1. Search results from PubMed.
Graph: Additional file 2. PRISMA.
• FP
- Family planning
• LMICs
- Low- and middle-income countries
• MeSH
- Medical Subject Headings
- PRISMA-ScR
- Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews
• PWDs
- People with disabilities
• RH
- Reproductive health
• SRH
- Sexual reproductive health
• WHO
- World Health Organization
• WWDs
- Women with disabilities
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By Getalem Aychew Beyene; Solomon Mekonnen Abebe; Gedefaw Abeje Fekadu; Achenef Asmamaw Muche and Bisrat Misganaw Geremew
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