The ethics of republishing : A case study of Emerald/MCB university press journals

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Philip M. Davis

ABSTRACT
Publishing a journal article without citing the original source is considered unethical in the scholarly community. Simple keyword searching of Emerald (formerly MCB University Press) online journals from the publisher's Web site has identified 409 examples of articles from 67 journals that were republished without such notification from 1989 through 2003. Many of these articles were published simultaneously in journals within the same or similar subject disciplines. Five examples of triple publication were identified. In several cases, neither the editor nor editorial board members had knowledge of this practice. This paper will review the conditions of acceptable republishing plus document and provide examples of republication. It will discuss implications on the publication of record, and question whether this is a case of "let the buyer beware."
    Redundant publication has been described as "self-serving, wasteful, abuses the volunteer time of peer reviewers, and can be profoundly misleading."[sup1] It is especially disapproved of when done covertly.
    Search engines have made it much easier to locate information-they have also made locating instances of unethical publishing behavior easier. A full-text search of a colleague's name in Emerald's database provided the first example of an article that was published without explicit notification in two separate journals. Simple keyword title searching has led the author to more than four hundred examples of this behavior in sixty-seven of one publisher's journals, taking place over a period of at least fifteen years. The publisher (Emerald, formerly MCB University Press) states that it has ceased the practice of article duplication.
    Libraries spend considerable sums of money to purchase academic journals. Skyrocketing journal inflation coupled with stagnant acquisitions budgets have resulted in massive cancellation in our libraries. The results of this research suggest that libraries collectively may have spent vast sums of money on duplicated materials from Emerald and did not know it. Furthermore, the presence of undocumented duplicated articles in the literature poses the problem of identifying the original publication of record. These articles cannot simply be unpublished or deleted from the academic literature-they are part of the permanent record of scholarship.
    The goal of this paper is to document one publisher's republishing practice and to use this example as a means of educating the publishing industry and alert the library community about unacceptable publishing practices. This provides an opportunity to review what connotes ethical republishing in order to avoid future occurrences of this kind.

Literature Review: The Ethics of Republishing
    The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) defines redundant publication when "two or more papers, without full cross reference, share the same hypothesis, data, discussion points, or conclusions."[sup2] Exact duplication, the focus of this paper, is a specific and rare type of redundant publication. Von Elm et al. found only a small percentage of duplicates in the medical literature be exact copies.[sup3] In his article, "Multiple Publication Reconsidered," Fulda argues that limited use of multiple publication is acceptable given that the following conditions are met:
    1. Article republication only takes place in journals representing different subject fields.
    2. The editor of the second journal knows of its prior publication.
    3. Prior publication must be acknowledged in the second publication.
    4. Duplicate articles are not published simultaneously.
    5. The two journals must not have overlapping readership.[sup4]
    COPE recommends that, "published studies do not need to be repeated unless further confirmation is required."[sup5] When republication is necessary, COPE requires "full and prominent disclosure of the original source."[sup6] The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers, of which Emerald Group Publishing is a member, relies on COPE guidelines.[sup7]
    The medical community appears to be organized and consistent regarding redundant publishing. Most medical journals follow some version of the Ingelfinger Rule, a rule formed by Franz Ingelfinger in 1969, then the editor of The New England Journal of Medicine, to protect the journal against publishing material that had already been published and to discourage the practice of redundant publishing.[sup8]
    The World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) has established comprehensive guidelines on ethical publishing behavior. Specifically, they state:

Journals should generally seek original work that has not been previously published. . . . Republication of a paper in another language, or simultaneously in multiple journals with different audiences, may be acceptable, provided that there is full and prominent disclosure of its original source at the time of submission of the manuscript.[sup9] [italics added by author]

    The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has a similar policy:

Readers of primary source periodicals, whether print or electronic, deserve to be able to trust that what they are reading is original unless there is a clear statement that the article is being republished by the choice of the author and editor The bases of this position are international copyright laws, ethical conduct, and cost-effective use of resources.[sup10] [italics added by author]

    Many publishers have policies to prevent multiple submissions by the author, and Emerald is no exception. Emerald's submission policy assumes that the content is original and that ownership of the content is transferred from the author to the publisher:

Articles submitted to the journal should be original contributions and should not be under consideration for any other publication at the same time. Authors submitting articles for publication warrant that the work is not an infringement of any existing copyright and will indemnify the publisher against any breach of such warranty. For ease of dissemination and to ensure proper policing of use, papers and contributions become the legal copyright of the publisher unless otherwise agreed. Submissions should be sent to ... the Editor.[sup11]

    In addition, the copyright policy of Emerald is designed to "Protect authors' moral rights and their work from plagiarism, unlawful copying and any other infringement of copyright."[sup12] Note that the publisher's policies are set to protect the company against unethical and illegal acts performed by the author such as multiple submissions. They do not state guidelines for what is acceptable behavior once copyright permissions are transferred to the publisher.

Publisher Policies Regarding Republication
    Several commercial publishers of social science material have either corporatewide policies or rigorous standards for republishing. Elsevier's practice is original publication for its primary journals, and, in the case of its professional journals, it will not "republish material except where explicitly indicated."[sup13] Sage Publications, "require [s] permission, acknowledgement, and, depending on the circumstances (i.e., for commercial use or resale), a permissions fee."[sup14] According to Haworth Press, "we always explicitly state when material has already been published, and in fact, there is a note in all of our books 5 material is original unless we state otherwise."[sup15] Blackwell and Taylor & Francis rely on journal-level policies and will occasionally republish articles with explicit notice.

Examples of Republishing in the Literature
    The published literature includes many examples of republished papers. The landmark article by Watson and Crick describing the structure of DNA was originally published in Nature in 1953, but has been republished at least four times since its original release.[sup16] Reprinted by the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1993, this article is forwarded by an editorial statement which reads, "In recognition of the 40th anniversary of the discovery of the structure of DNA, we reprint the following landmark articles by Drs. Watson and Crick, which originally appeared in Nature in 1953."[sup17] The full citation of the original article then follows.
    Examples of article republishing exist in library and information science literature. Library Resources & Technical Services recently republished an award-winning article that first appeared in 1992.[sup18] The republished article not only carried a full citation of the original source, but a preceded by a reflections article by the author 9 an editorial note explaining why it was republished.[sup19]
    While most journal articles cannot expect to be republished, gathering articles on a particular topic and publishing them as a book is not uncommon. Genomic Medicine: Articles from the New England Journal of Medicine and Silver: Environmental Transport, Fate, Effects, and Models: Papers from Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1983 to 2002 are both examples of republishing previously released articles.[sup20] The titles of these books are designed to clearly state that their contents are not original but a collection of previously published articles. Haworth Press regularly republishes articles simultaneously as monographs, yet each article contains an explicit statement to this nature.[sup21] Haworth book catalogs also include unambiguous statements if their books contain previously published articles and provide full references.
    A search of the literature indicated that redundant publication has focused almost entirely on documenting unethical behaviors of authors, such as multiple submissions, translations of the same article, or republishing data without cross-referencing the original article. Reports of publishers duplications, articles in its own journals without explicit notification could not be verified in the literature. Correspondence with several experienced librarians and publishers could not identify undocumented cases. The author believes that the practices described below of Emerald/MCB are unknown to the wider library and academic community.

Method
    Based on anecdotal evidence that some degree of duplication was performed by this publisher, the author used simple title keyword searches to identify examples. The author was chiefly interested in identifying the extent of duplication. Was duplication limited to only a few journals, or did it appear widespread among Emerald/MCB journals? How frequent was article duplication in particular journals? When did it start and has it stopped? For particular journals that illustrated a pattern of republication, entire issues or volumes were investigated in detail and each article title was searched.
    The first and last pages of duplicate articles were origin and examined to find publisher notes regarding republication. Print copies of selected journals were retrieved from the stacks or by interlibrary loan to verify if library notes appeared elsewhere in the journal (cover page, verso, notes for submission, and so on.)
    Searches of library catalogs were performed to determine whether libraries subscribed to journals that contained duplicate content. Selected authors were contacted to see if they had knowledge that their articles were republished. Lastly, various editors and editorial board members of journals that exhibited significant article duplication were topic to determine if they had knowledge of their journal's practice. Authors and editors are not named in the paper for confidentiality reasons.

Research Results
    Simple keyword searching of Emerald online journals from the publisher's Web site has identified 409 examples of articles from 67 journals that were republished without explicit notification from 1989 through 2003. Because the Emerald online holdings do not predate the late 1980s, earlier examples of multiple publication could not be identified using the method followed for this paper. The dun has stated article duplication is no longer practiced. In June 2001, the company officially changed its name from MCB University Press to Emerald.
    The author discovered that most articles were published in two journals simultaneously (see figure 1), or after a significant delay (see figure 2). Full citations and abstracts for these and the following examples can be retrieved from Emerald's Web site at www.emeraldin-sight.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/emeraldbr or by connecting to the publisher Web site at www.emeraldinsight.com and clicking on the Emerald Journals icon. Full article access is limited to subscribers or their subscribing institutions.
    Two examples of articles republished in the same journal were discovered. One is presented in figure 3. Five cases of triple publication were identified. An example of the practice is presented in figure 4. Some republished articles contained slight title modifications; see figure 5 for an example. In all cases, the republished article was reformatted so that it fit in with the look of the second journal; see figure 6 for an example of reformatting. In cases where the formatting of the journal was identical, only the footer (bibliographic information) was changed; see figure 7 for an example.
    The author discovered no notes on either the articles or elsewhere in the journal indicating previous publication. Examination of print copies of selected journals also verified a lack of notification.
    Examples of redundant publication were identified between journals within similar subject scope (for example, within library science, management, or medicine) or between related categories, such as library management and personnel management or library science and computer science. A list of sixty-seven journals with some duplication of content is provided in the appendix

Patterns of Republication
    Some journals contained infrequent instances of republished articles; others contained considerable republished content. An entire issue of ten articles was discovered to be published in two journals--Library Management (16, no. 5 [1995]) and Management Decision (33, no. 5 [1995]). An entire issue (five articles) was discovered to be published in both Managerial Auditing Journal (5, no. 2 [1990]) and Leadership and Organization Development Journal (11, no. 3 [1990]).
    All twenty-two articles published in volume 6 (1997) of Asian Libraries were discovered in other library publications. Nearly three-quarters (twenty-seven out of forty) of articles published in OCLC Systems & Services from 1997 through 1999 were duplicated in other journals. Nearly half (seventeen out of thirty-six) of articles published in Internet Research in 1996 were duplicated in other journals. All forty-six articles published in the Clinical Performance in Quality Healthcare over two years (7, no. 3/4 [1999] and 8, no. 1-4 [2000]) were also published in the British Journal of Clinical Governance (4, no. 2 and 4 [1999] and 5, no. 1-4 [2000]) during the same period.
    Complete lists of all examples identified by the author are provided in two documents, "Examples of MCB University Press Republished Articles in Alphabetical Order" and "Examples of MCB University Press Republished Articles in Journal Order," that can be found at the author's Web site.[sup22]

Overlapping Subscriptions Discovered in Libraries
    A search of the Research Libraries Group union catalog, which lists the holdings of library member collections around the world, yielded several examples where a library subscribed to at least two journals in which article duplication was present. For example, the University of Pennsylvania Library subscribed to Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care and the British Journal of Clinical Governance during the two years when full duplication of content was practiced. Several libraries subscribed to both Library Management and Management Decision in 1995, when an entire issue was jointly published.

Response from Authors, Editors, and Editorial Board Members
    Several authors responded to this author's request asking if they had knowledge of their articles being republished. Some responded that they had been contacted by the publisher for permission; others could not recall. One, author who was not aware of republication, joked that it meant another citation to put on his resume.
    Editors and editorial board members of Emerald/MCB journals were contacted to discover if they knew about articles being republished in their journals. A few editors responded that they were not functioning as the editor prior to 2002 when republication occurred and it was not the current policy of their journals. Other editors did not return the author's inquires. The managing editor of Clinical Governance (which succeeded the two journals listed below) provided the following rationale for multiple publication:

There are two reasons why the articles have been duplicated. Firstly we acquired the US-based journal, Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care, mid-volume in 1999 and the journal was finally merged with the British Journal of Clinical Governance in 2000. This meant that we continued to publish both journals to satisfy subscribers to each volume. Secondly, when most subscriptions were paper based and to individual paper journals, some articles that were considered to be of particular merit were occasionally published in more than one Emerald journal. This helped to disseminate the research to a broader audience. Although, Emerald now sells mostly database subscriptions and because of this users have access to a much greater number of Emerald articles--so we don't do this anymore.[sup23]

    The management of Emerald/MCB journals is facilitated by one or more academic editors plus an editorial team, with the assistance of a managing editor from the publisher. The managing editor is responsible for a suite of journals within a particular subject discipline. The author was unable to verify whether the academic editors and their editorial team had knowledge of the redundant publication practices. One editor of a management journal responded to the author's investigation and suggested that instances of duplicate of must have been an error caused by multiple author submissions. Another editor of a management journal responded, "I can categorically state that when I was the editor I was not aware of any such practice, and would neither condone nor practice such republication." Several librarians serving on the editorial board of OCLC Systems and Services during the period of widespread article duplication who could be contacted reported no knowledge of this practice. Several inquiries to the publisher on whether the same managing editor was responsible for coordinating duplicate publishing were unanswered.

Discussion
    Returning to the five criteria established by Fulda on acceptable, or "ethical" republishing, the case of the Emerald/MCB UP article republishing appears to fail on all five criteria:
    1. Articles were published in journals representing same or similar subject fields.
    2. The editor and editorial board (at least in some cases) did not know of prior publication.
    3. Prior publication was not acknowledged in subsequent publications.
    4. Articles were published simultaneously.
    5. Journals had overlapping subscribership and overlapping readership.
    The case of Emerald/MCB article republishing, documented in this paper, appears to fail on all five criteria presented by Fulda. Performing an unethical act does not necessarily mean performing an illegal act. Many publishers require authors to relinquish copyright of the article, meaning that the publisher takes ownership of the material. Republishing in this light may not be illegal in the sense that the publisher has not violated the rights of the author, and no law states that one cannot republish information. But what about the rights of the customer?
    In many business transactions, the buyer alone is responsible for discerning if the product is free from defects. This is known as caveat emptor, Latin for "let the buyer beware." However, the rule does not apply when the purchaser is unable to examine the goods. For journal subscriptions, payment is made in advance for future receipt of content While not expressly stated, the content purchased from academic publishers is generally assumed to be original in nature unless explicitly declared otherwise. The author of this report could not find any information in the republished articles indicating that they were not original. Library subscribers would have no way of knowing that they were purchasing duplicate content.

Publication of Record
    When two exact articles are published at or around the same time, discerning which is the publication of record is difficult. Discerning when an article has been republished after a significant period of delay is easier, yet this puts the onus on the researcher to track down the first publication when there is no indication that the article has been republished. If the researcher found the first article by searching an index, a duplicate copy might be discovered if the articles were published in the same field (for example, both within library science). Discovering the duplicate article may be impossible if it was published in journals in management or computer science (as noted in the example). A follow-up study will investigate how authors cited duplicated articles.

Conclusion
    More than four hundred examples of article duplication were discovered in sixty-seven journals published by Emerald/MCB from 1989 to 2003. The degree of duplication in journals ranged from occasional articles to complete issues. In all cases, duplication appeared covert, meaning that the reader and subscriber had no indication that the content was not original. This author believes that the practices of Emerald/MCB are unknown to the wider library and academic community.
    This report was based on simple keyword searching of Emerald's collections. Because searching was not systematic, the full degree of duplication is unknown. The author recommends that the publisher conduct a full search of its collections and make publicly available a complete list of republished articles.
ADDED MATERIAL
    Philip M. Davis (pmd8@comell.edu) is Life Sciences Bibliographer, Mann Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
    Acknowledgement: The author would like to thank Suzanne Cohen for her help reviewing this article, and Chuck Hamaker and Stanley Wilder for their moral support of this research.

References
    1. Patricia Huston and David Moher, "Redundancy, Disaggregation, and the Integrity of Medical Research," Lancet 347, no. 9007 (1996): 1024.
    2. Committee on Publication Ethics, "The Cope Report 2003: Guidelines on Good Publication Practice, Section 6: Redundant Publication," 70. Accessed Oct. 31, 2004, www.publicationethics.org.uk/cope2003/pdf2003/2003pdfl5.pdf.
    3. Erik von Elm et al., "Different Patterns of Duplicate Publication: An Analysis of Articles Used in Systematic Reviews," JAMA 291, no. 8 (2004): 974-980.
    4. Joseph S. Fulda, "Multiple Publication Reconsidered," Journal of Information Ethics 7, no. 2 (1998): 47-53.
    5. Committee on Publication Ethics, "The Cope Report 2003," 71.
    6. Ibid.
    7. Sally Morris, Chief Executive, Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers, e-mail to author, June 9, 2004.
    8. New England Journal of Medicine, "Editorial Policies." Accessed June 9, 2004, www.nejm.org/general/text/policies.pdf.
    9. World Association of Medical Editors, "WAME Recommendations on Publication Ethics Policies for Medical Journals." Accessed June 9, 2004, www.wame.org/pubethicrecom.htm.
    10. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Bio-medical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication, Section III.D.2: Redundant Publication," updated Nov. 2003. Accessed June 9, 2004, www.icmje.org.
    11. "Notes for Contributors," Library Management. Accessed June 9, 2004, http://fiordiliji.emeraldinsight.com/vl=2973135/cl=80/nw=l/rpsv/journals/lm/notes.htm.
    12. Emerald, "Authors' Charter January 2004." Accessed June 9, 2004, http://juno.emeraldinsight.com/vl=2970123/cl=71/nw=1/rpsv/charter/index.htm.
    13. Daviess Menefee, Director, Library Relations, Elsevier, e-mail to author, June 8, 2004.
    14. Blaise Simqu, Executive Vice President, Sage Publications, e-mail to author, July 8, 2004.
    15. Patricia Brown, Editorial Production Manager, Haworth Press, e-mail to author, June 16, 2004.
    16. J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick, "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid," Nature 171, no. 4356 (1953): 737-38.
    17. J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick, "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid," JAMA 269, no. 15 (1993): 1966-1967; reprinted from Nature 171, no. 4356 (1953): 737-38.
    18. Ross Atkinson, "Learning from the Past: The Acquisitions Librarian As Change Agent in the Transition to the Electronic Library," Library Resources & Technical Services 26, no. 1 (1992): 7-20; Ross Atkinson, "Learning from the Past: The Acquisitions Librarian As Change Agent in the Transition to the Electronic Library," Library Resources Technical Services 43, no. 3 (2004): 216-26; reprinted from Library Resources & Technical Services 26, no. 1 (1992): 7-20.
    19. Ross Atkinson, "Reflection on 'The Acquisitions Librarian As Change Agent in the Transition to the Electronic Library,'" Library Resources & Technical Services 48, no. 3 (2004): 213-15.
    20. Francis S. Collins, Alan E. Guttmacher, and Jeffrey M. Drazen, Genomic Medicine: Articles from the New England Journal of Medicine (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 2004); Joseph W. Gorsuch, James R. Kramer, and Thomas W. La Point, eds., Silver; Environmental Transport, Fate, Effects, and Models: Papers from Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1983 to 2002 (Pensacola, Fla.: SETAC Pr., 2003).
    21. Sarah E. Thomas, "Think Globally, Act Locally: Electronic Resources and Collection Development," co-published simultaneously in Journal of Library Administration 36, no. 3 (2002): 93-107 and Electronic Resources and Collection Development, ed. Sul H. Lee, 93-107 (Haworth Pr., 2002).
    22. See the author's Web site http://people.cornell.edu/pages/pmd8.
    23. Rachel Murawa, Emerald Managing Editor of Clinical Governance: An International Journal (previously published as British Journal of Clinical Governance), e-mail to the author, June 7, 2004.
    Figure 1. Simultaneous publication
    Woodward, Hazel, et al. "Electronic Journals: Myths and Realities." Library Management 18, no. 3 (1997): 155-62.
    Woodward, Hazel. "Electronic Journals: Myths and Realities." OCLC Systems and Services 13, no. 4 (1997): 144-51.
    Figure 2. Delayed republication in different journal
    Burdett, John O. "Death of a Salesman." Empowerment in Organisations 6, no. 8 (1998): 210-20.
    Burdett, John O. "Death of a Salesman." Career Development International 6, no. 3 (2001): 176-82.
    Figure 3. Delayed republication in the same journal
    Elmuti, Dean, et al. "Inequality Between Genders in the Executive Suite in Corporate America: Moral and Ethical Issues." Equal Opportunities International 22, no. 2 (2003): 40-58.
    Elmuti, Dean. "Inequality Between Genders in the Executive Suite in Corporate America: Moral and Ethical Issues." Equal Opportunities International 22, no. 8 (2003): 1-19.
    Figure 4. Triple publication
    Wren, Jan, and Barrie Craven. "A Cost-Effectiveness Study of Changing Medical Practise in Early Pregnancy." Journal of Management in Medicine 11, no. 6 (1997): 372-81
    Wren, Jan, and Barrie Craven. "A Cost-Effectiveness Study of Changing Medical Practise in Early Pregnancy." Clinical Performance in Quality Healthcare 7, no. 4 (1999): 172-77
    Wren, Jan, and Barrie Craven. "A Cost-Effectiveness Study of Changing Medical Practise in Early Pregnancy." British Journal of Clinical Governance 4, no. 4 (1999): 148-54
    Figure 5. Republication with a slight title modification
    Forster, Nick. "A Case Study of Women Academics' Views on Equal Opportunities, Career Prospects and Work-Family Conflicts in a British University." Women in Management Review 15, no. 7 (2000): 316-30.
    Forster, Nick. "A Case Study of Women Academics' Views on Equal Opportunities, Career Prospects and Work-Family Conflicts in a UK University." Career Development International 6, no. 1 (2001): 28-38.
    (note "British university" in first citation and "UK university" in second citation)
    Figure 6. Reformatted articles
    Usherwood, Bob, et al. "Recruitment and Retention in the Public Library--A Baseline Study." Library Management 21, no. 2 (2000): 62-80.
    Usherwood, Bob. "Recruitment and Retention in the Public Library--A Baseline Study." Career Development International 5, no. 6 (2000): 301-17.
    Figure 7. Articles that share formatting with only bibliographic information changed
    Sloan, Bernie. "Allocating Costs in a Consortial Environment: A Methodology for Library Consortia." The Bottom Line 11, no. 2 (1998): 45-52.
    Sloan, Bernie. "Allocating Costs in a Consortial Environment: A Methodology for Library Consortia." OCLC Systems and Services 15, no. 1 (1999): 65-71.

Appendix. Journals in Which Articles Were Duplicated
    Asian Libraries
    British Food Journal
    British Journal of Clinical Governance
    Campus-Wide Information Systems
    Career Development International
    Clinical Performance in Quality Healthcare
    Collection Building
    Disaster Prevention and Management
    Education and Training
    Employee Relations
    Empowerment in Organisations
    Equal Opportunities International
    European Journal of Innovation Management
    European Journal of Marketing
    Executive Development
    Facilities
    Health Manpower Management
    Industrial and Commercial Training
    Industrial Management and Data Systems
    Information Management and Computer Security
    Information Technology and People
    Interlending and Document Supply
    International Journal of Bank Marketing
    International Journal of Career Management
    International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management
    International Journal of Educational Management
    International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance
    International Journal of Manpower
    International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management
    International Journal of Public Sector Management
    International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management
    International Journal of Service Industry Management
    International Marketing Review
    Internet Research
    Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing
    Journal of Educational Administration
    Journal of Management in Medicine
    Journal of Marketing Practice
    Journal of Product and Brand Management
    Journal of Service Marketing
    Journal of Workplace Learning
    Leadership and Organizational Development Journal
    Librarian Career Development
    Library Consortium Management
    Library Management
    Library Review
    Logistics Information Management
    Management Decision
    Management Development Review
    Managerial Auditing Journal
    Marketing Intelligence and Planning
    New Library World
    Nutrition and Food Science
    OCLC Systems and Services
    Online Information Review
    Personnel Review
    Quality Assurance in Education
    Reference Reviews
    Supply Chain Management
    Team Performance Management
    The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances
    The Electronic Library
    The Learning Organization :An International Journal
    Training for Quality
    Women in Management Review
    World Transport Policy and Practice