Hair analysis for multiple drugs of abuse by mass spectrometry
2008
Hochschulschrift
Zugriff:
96
Drug testing provides objective information regarding an individual’s use of or exposure to illicit drugs. Traditionally, drug testing has used urine testing to monitor drug use. However, urine testing only provides a short-term historical record of drug exposure. Hair differs from other biological specimens due to its long detection window (months to years), enabling retrospective investigation of chronic and past consumption. In Taiwan, there are fewer researches about hair testing for drugs of abuse. The purpose of this study is to develop sensitive and trustworthy hair testing method for the determination drugs of abuse. Recently, the multiple-drug cocktails had become the worldwide trend. In addition, the amount of hair sample size is much lower than in urine. Therefore, a reliable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) hair testing that we have developed can be successfully used for the simultaneous determination of drugs of common abuse in Asia, including amphetamines (amphetamine, AP; methamphetamine, MA; methylenedioxy amphetamine, MDA; methylenedioxy methamphetamine, MDMA; methylenedioxy ethylamphetamine, MDEA), ketamine (ketamine, K; norketamine, NK), and opiates (morphine, MOR; codeine, COD; 6-acetylmorphine, 6-AM). The simultaneous quantitative determination of several compound types is not only increases the ability and extent of drug testing but also decreases the amount of sample size. Then, a hair stripped method was developed for improving the time consuming of sample digestion/extraction pretreatment procedures. The analyses are conducted in less than 1 hr with minimal sample pretreatment. Then, we developed the GC/EI-MS hair testing methods of the more drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, pethidine, tramadol, buprenorphine (BUP), methadone, naloxone, 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in order to develop the more comprehensive hair testing methods. The “System Hair Testing” was according to the structure of drugs. The「system A」with HFBA/EA/HFPOH derivatization can be successfully used for the simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse, including AP, MA, MDMA, MDA, MDEA, K, NK, MOR, COD, 6-AM, 2C-B, cocaine (COC), Benzoylecgonine (BZE). The「system B」with BSTFA derivatization can be successfully used for the simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse, including COC, BZE, MOR, COD, 6-AM, pethidine, tramadol, BUP, Norbuprenorphine (NorBUP), methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenylpyrroline (EMDP), naloxone and LSD. Drugs concentration in hair sample is much lower than in urine, so the hair sample calls for more sensitive analytical methods. Therefore, we have developed the Gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC/CI-MS) hair testing methods of the drugs of abuse. The「GC/PCI-MS」with BSTFA derivatization can be successfully used for the simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse, including COC, BZE, MOR, COD, 6-AM, pethidine, tramadol, BUP, NorBUP, methadone, EDDP, EMDP and naloxone. The 「GC/NCI-MS」with HFBA derivatization can be successfully used for the simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse, including AP, MA, MDMA, MDA, MDEA, K, NK, MOR, COD, 6-AM, 2C-B. The sensitivity of K and NK can be dramatically enhanced after GC/NCI-MS analysis, especially for NK. As a result, metabolite-to-drug ratio was useful to evaluate passive contamination from active K consumption. The low amount of THC-COOH incorporated in the hair and the complexity of the hair matrix, a very sensitive and specific technique is required for accurate quantification of this metabolite. In order to choose a sensitive derivatization reagent for THC-COOH, acylation and alkylation were evaluated. The LOD values obtained were 2.5 pg/mg after PFPA/HFPOH derivatization in GC/NCI-MS. The liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods which do not require derivatization or extensive sample clean-up procedures. Therefore, LC/MS/MS method and charge modified LC/MS/MS method were developed for drugs of abuse. All drugs were injected into tandem mass spectrometers; full scan spectrum and product ion scan spectrum were acquired. The sensitivity of LC/MS/MS seems better than GC/MS. The dansyl chloride has been used in order to enhance signal intensity of the phenolic compounds. After fast dansyl chloride derivatization, the derivatives were injected into tandem mass spectrometers. The LOD of opiates (MOR and 6-AM) and cannabis (THC and THC-COOH) obtained were 0.1 pg/mg and 1 pg/mg in API 3000 with APCI positive mode.
Titel: |
Hair analysis for multiple drugs of abuse by mass spectrometry
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Autor/in / Beteiligte Person: | Ya-Hsueh ; 吳雅雪 |
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Veröffentlichung: | 2008 |
Medientyp: | Hochschulschrift |
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