Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG)

Funding Information: We also acknowledge the support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the scope of the following fellowship: the European Commission through GlycoTwinning (Grant agreement 101079417). Publisher Copyright: © 2023, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM).

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a complex and heterogeneous family of rare metabolic diseases. With a clinical history that dates back over 40 years, it was the recent multi-omics advances that mainly contributed to the fast-paced and encouraging developments in the field. However, much remains to be understood, with targeted therapies' discovery and approval being the most urgent unmet need. In this paper, we present the 2022 state of the art of CDG, including glycosylation pathways, phenotypes, genotypes, inheritance patterns, biomarkers, disease models, and treatments. In light of our current knowledge, it is not always clear whether a specific disease should be classified as a CDG. This can create ambiguity among professionals leading to confusion and misguidance, consequently affecting the patients and their families. This review aims to provide the CDG community with a comprehensive overview of the recent progress made in this field.