Characterization of offline analysis of particulate matter with FIGAERO-CIMS

Measurements of the molecular composition of organic aerosol (OA) constituents improve our understanding of sources, formation processes, and physicochemical properties of OA. One instrument providing such data at a time resolution of minutes to hours is the chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO-CIMS). The technique collects particles on a filter, which are subsequently desorbed, and the evaporated molecules are ionized and analyzed in the mass spectrometer. However, long-term measurements using this technique and/or field deployments at several sites simultaneously require substantial human and financial resources. The analysis of filter samples collected outside the instrument (offline) may provide a more cost-efficient alternative and makes this technology available for the large number of particle filter samples collected routinely at many different sites globally. Filter-based offline use of the FIGAERO-CIMS limits this method, albeit to particle-phase analyses, which is likely at a reduced time resolution compared to online deployments. Here we present the application and assessment of offline FIGAERO-CIMS, using Teflon and quartz fiber filter samples that were collected in autumn 2018 in urban Beijing. We demonstrate the feasibility of the offline application with a “sandwich” sample preparation for the over 900 identified organic compounds with (1) high signal-to-noise ratios, (2) high repeatability, and (3) linear signal response to the filter loadings. Comparable overall signals were observed between the quartz fiber and Teflon filters for 12 and 24 h samples but with larger signals for semi-volatile compounds for the quartz fiber filters, likely due to adsorption artifacts. We also compare desorption profile (thermogram) shapes for the two filter materials. Thermograms are used to derive volatility qualitatively based on the desorption temperature at which the maximum signal intensity of a compound is observed (Tmax). While we find that Tmax can be determined with high repeatability (±5.7 ∘C) from the duplicate tests for one filter type, we observe considerable differences in Tmax between the quartz and Teflon filters, warranting further investigation into the thermal desorption characteristics of different filter types. Overall, this study provides a basis for expanding OA molecular characterization by FIGAERO-CIMS to situations where and when deployment of the instrument itself is not possible.